Big Idea: Faith has its personae, from skepticism to personal conflict, but trust, its true persona, sings its way into the joy of God’s goodness.
Understanding the Text
Psalm 13 is an individual lament that leaves the cause of lament uncertain (see below) but calls attention to the joy of buoyant faith (13:5). The biblical laments always hover near words of trust and assurance, and such a question as we have in verses 1 and 2 should send us on a search for words of faith in the lament psalms.
Also, it hardly needs to be said that lament is about some troublesome circumstance, which is often explicit in the poem but other times only a hint. In this psalm it is the latter. Some believe David’s problem that gave rise to his lament was conflict with his enemies, while others are inclined to think it was some type of sickness (“or I will sleep in death,” 13:3b).
Psalm 12 dealt with the question of falsity’s claim to triumph over truth (12:2–4), while Psalm 13 modulates to the enemies’ claim of triumph over this man of faith (13:4).
While we should not overplay the Absalom theme, the trauma of a lost son or daughter, as only parents can know, forms a lamentive tone to whose mournful strains we sometimes grow unconscious. Yet its effect on our actions and words is nevertheless identifiable to the tuneful ear. Kidner implies that behind this probing lament may lie the pain of the Absalom tragedy and that the psalm itself reflects the magnanimity of David’s personality, his sense of royal responsibility, and his subservient trust in Yahweh.1
Outline/Structure
Delitzsch describes this psalm as a hymn that “advances in waves that are constantly decreasing in length, until at last it is only agitated with joy, and becomes calm as the sea when smooth as a mirror.”2 The first mighty wave is the lament; the second breaker, the petition, less powerful and foreboding; and the third, after the storm has been stilled, is trust.
Looking at the text, Psalm 13 exhibits a lexical outline.
1. The lament (13:1–2) frames the “house of mourning” by four columns of the agonizing question “how long” (‘ad-’anah). The fourfold repetition gives the impression of the protracted suffering David endured3—it was painfully drawn out—and covers a wide span of the psalmist’s relationships, the first two regarding the Lord (“How long will you forget me?” “How long will you hide your face from me?”), the third, the psalmist himself with his inner struggle (“How long must I wrestle with my thoughts?”), and the fourth, his enemies, who were never very far from David’s mind (“How long will my enemy triumph over me?”).
2. The suppliant, as it were, enters into his petitionary prayer (13:3–4) within the “house of mourning” framed by his four-column lament and lays three petitions before the God of grace: “Look on me,” “answer,” and “Give light to my eyes” (13:3). Three times David tethers his hope to answered prayer with the little word “lest” (Heb. pen, implied in 13:3d), not found in the NIV: “lest I sleep the sleep of death” (13:3); “lest my enemy say, ‘I have triumphed over him’”; “[lest, implied] my foes rejoice when I fall” (13:4, author’s trans.). It is at the point of “lest” that divine grace will save him or let him go. This word of contingency reminds us of the Hebrew word for “perhaps” (’ulay) on which the prophetic hopes were sometimes suspended (Amos 5:15; Jer. 21:2).4 Depending on divine grace, the rope will hold or unravel.
3. The conjunction “but” (adversative waw in Hebrew) introduces part three of the psalm (13:5–6) and gives us the results of the psalmist’s inspection of the tether—it indeed will hold. Here is where David turns the corner and leaves behind the “how long” of part one and puts his full weight of faith on the tether (“lest”) of part two. We meet this “but,” says Westermann, “somewhere or somehow in every psalm of lament,” and he observes: “Only with this ‘but’ is it possible to understand what trust really means; only in this movement, this clinging to God’s goodness, which the facts seem to contradict, can it be seen for what it truly is.”5
Historical and Cultural Background
The general background for this psalm, as for most of the Davidic psalms, is David’s encounter with his enemies, foreign and domestic. Kidner astutely observes that the two poles of David’s psalms are God and David’s enemies.6 Twice in Psalm 13:4 David mentions his enemy and his foes. Yet, while David’s love for his children was a mark of his character, his indulgent attitude toward them sometimes had ill results. One could say that the sorrow of Absalom’s rebellion always lurked in David’s soul and was never far below the surface.
Psalm 13 does not exhibit the weaponry and brutality of warfare, but those marks of David’s world lie just beneath the epidermis of the language of this psalm. “Enemy” and “foes” (13:4) are the most obvious, but the triumphal cry of the enemy, “I have overcome him,” comes also from the language of military conflict, as does also the word “salvation” (13:5), which, in theological thought, has long broken loose from its moorings and soared far above the battlefield.
The lament was not only part of the biblical psalms but part of the literary legacy of the ancient Near East,7 and not surprisingly, since sorrow is a universal sentiment.
Interpretive Insights
13:1 How long, Lord? Will you forget me forever? . . . will you hide your face from me? Most of the English translations, quite reasonably, break the single question of 13:1a into two (so pointed in the MT). The single question is found also in Psalms 79:5 and 89:46 (89:47 MT). The question “how long?” (‘ad-’anah) occurs four times in 13:1–2, suggesting the urgency and emotional intensity of the psalmist’s situation. The word “forever” (netsah) probably means “utterly,”8 and the expression “hide your face” (the opposite of Num. 6:26) here denotes God’s displeasure. This expression occurs in the ancient Near Eastern literature also in that sense. Hilber cites the Mesopotamian Poem of the Righteous Sufferer, in which the worshiper cries: “I called to my god, he did not show his face.”9
13:2 How long must I wrestle with my thoughts . . . ? Literally, “How long must I set my counsel [‘etsot] against myself?” Some translations, without textual warrant, emend this word to ‘atsawot (“pains”; cf. RSV, NRSV). The NIV is an accurate rendering of the sense.
13:3 or I will sleep. The Hebrew word for “or” (pen) is better translated “lest” (see “Outline/Structure”).
13:4 I have overcome him. The Hebrew verb for “overcome” means “to be able” and here carries the sense of “prevail,” the same sense as Genesis 32:28 (32:29 MT), “you have struggled with God and with humans and have overcome.” See “Outline/Structure” for the occurrence of “lest” (pen), which the NIV has translated “and.”
13:5 But I trust . . . in your salvation. The conjunction “but” (Heb. adversative waw) is the fulcrum on which David’s faith turns: “But I trust . . .” The “I” is emphatic and is a casus pendens: “but as for me, I trust in your unfailing love.” The backdrop of this verse is most likely political conflict, and thus “salvation” is deliverance from the political danger. This word in time and changing circumstances takes on a spiritual meaning and here very well may have such a nuance, that is, deliverance from the oppressive sense of God’s having forgotten the psalmist.
13:6 for he has been good to me. The verb expresses the idea of “completeness,” or “to deal bountifully.”
Theological Insights
“Psalm prayer,” says Westermann, “also has always a communal or social aspect: a man is never alone with God.”10 While it is a three-pronged complex (the psalmist, God, and the enemies), it is really a one-way “conversation” between David and God—God never speaks. Nor need he, because it is so clear that he has heard and answered the psalmist’s prayer (13:5–6).
But the answer, whether future or already realized, has been long in coming. The “how long” is not so much probing as pleading, and it had been mapped out along a painful path. The tone is incredulity. Perowne expresses it well in his paraphrase: “How long wilt Thou make as if Thou wouldst forget me for ever?”11 It stands apart from the question of Psalm 22:1: “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” This latter question probes the mind of God and articulates the sense of incredulity that God could do such a thing, while 13:1 asks the question upon the template of time, “how distressingly long?”12
The question the psalmist had, as do we all, is how one is to interpret such a long delay. Is it the maturing of the time or the person that is in play here, as Kidner suggests? Or is there some ineffable attribute in the divine nature that becomes part of the formula? In one sense of the word, since there is no time with God, and God’s eternal decrees are already accomplished in the eternal realm of realities but sometimes not yet realized in the human, the answer is most likely found in the maturing of either the time or the person, or both. Even though David’s perspective is truncated by his time and person, he nevertheless trusts in the God of grace (Heb. hesed; “unfailing love,” 13:5). As Delitzsch eloquently says: “Faith, however, holds fast the love that is behind the wrath, sees in the display of wrath only a self-disguising of the loving countenance of the God of love, and earnestly desires that this loving countenance may once more be unveiled to it.”13 Of course, this face of God can be observed only by the eye of faith.
Sometimes our piety obstructs rather than clarifies our view of God. That is not a censure of piety but an acknowledgment that, though it is the believer’s Godward motion, it is still earthbound. In its latter quality it tends to censure us when we ask the hard questions of God (“How can one be so audacious!”) or when our pain tends to deprecate God with cries that are inarticulate (“How can you, God, be so indifferent!”). But in the Old Testament, God shows great respect to those people who ask the hard questions, pose the difficult options, and probe the recesses of understanding—Moses, Joshua, Job, and Habakkuk. Perhaps the problem is that our faith is hesitant to stretch the length of piety’s full reach. This psalm can help us to lengthen faith’s tendons. Calvin, in his deeper grasp of faith’s potential, remarks that David “teaches us, therefore, by his example, to stretch our view as far as possible into the future, that our present grief may not entirely deprive us of hope.”14
However we respond personally to this spiritual challenge, Terrien is right in his observation that the “spirituality of the Psalms and their power of longevity and ecumenicity are partly due to the boldness, close to blasphemy, with which a man of faith challenges his God.”15 For the boldest of us, this psalm can be an instrument of faith, and for the more spiritually timid of us, it can be an amazement that faith could be so bold. Regardless of our spiritual temperament, we will need to walk through the Psalter with a respect for both dispositions, or we will never feel at home in the psalmic world, which is, we must admit, the world of human reality.
The psalmist’s triple petition is answered by the faith he expresses in the final confession of trust and his all-too-brief aria of God’s grace (13:5–6). We do not know the substantive ways in which the Lord took action in response to his audacious “look on me,” “answer me,” and “give light to my eyes” (13:3); but somewhere behind “I trust in your unfailing love; my heart rejoices in your salvation” (13:5), there is an answer that comes from the God to whom the psalmist pledges to dedicate his song of divine benevolence.
Teaching the Text
We might employ the “Big Idea” above and talk about the four faces of faith’s persona that pretty much cover the gamut of the psalmist’s world, and ours too. The first is the doubt that troubles the suppliant—doubt too is a natural part of faith. When it drives us to ask the question “How long?” it gives us, as it does the psalmist, a window into our relationship with God (13:1). As the closing lines of the poem attest (13:5–6), he deals with his doubt in the context of God’s “unfailing love” (hesed). When viewed in that setting, it becomes a supplement to faith rather than an erosion.
The second face is depicted in the suppliant’s relationship to himself (13:2a). His “thoughts” (see the comments on 13:2, above) are self-deprecating (lit., “counsels against myself”), and evidently constant, “day after day” (lit., “daily”; LXX adds “at night”). One of the marks of a well-adjusted person is a wholesome attitude toward oneself. This is in fact an Old Testament idea (Lev. 19:18) that Jesus taught as part of the second great commandment (Matt. 22:39). Moreover, we might observe that the love of oneself is a reflection of God’s own personality, for after the commandment against taking vengeance and bearing grudges in Leviticus 19, he says: “but you shall love your neighbor as yourself: I am the Lord” (ESV). We are never whole in God or complete in Christ until we have a proper attitude toward ourselves, which should be confused with neither an inferiority nor a superiority complex. When we look at the “theology” of the Bible, we can truthfully say that God has, to use our modern phrase, a healthy “self-image.” Though he occasionally remorsefully contemplates his actions (e.g., Gen. 6:5–6), even that is done in the context of his unfailing love.
The third face is the psalmist’s relationship with his enemies (13:2b). It is spelled out in verse 4 as he contemplates impending death, whether by illness or military conflict, and the thought that his enemies might “rejoice when I fall.” How we conduct ourselves amid conflict with others is one of the most revealing facets of faith. Our poet neither curses nor blesses them. This is the countenance of faith where the grimaces of our sins and our hatred toward those who mistreat us can disfigure our face. We ought to review Jesus’s instruction to love our enemies and pray for them (Matt. 5:44; Luke 6:27–28), for only the unfailing love of God can change the disfigurement our sins have caused. (See the first illustration in the unit on Ps. 7.)
The fourth face of faith’s persona is trust in God (13:5–6). The suppliant’s trust in the Lord is most likely both the cause and the result of his triumph. The teacher/preacher might observe that out of the depths of this distress, when one’s world (relationships with God, self, others) is falling apart, comes a deep expression of trust in God (13:5). The psalm provides virtually no evidence that the situation has changed, unless verse 6a (“for he has been good to me”) represents a new phase in the suppliant’s life rather than a general assessment. Even so, verses 3–4 are definitely prayed in the midst of his suffering, reverberating hope in that prayer. Indeed, these three petitions (“look on me,” “answer,” and “give light”) are positioned right in the middle of the poem.
The preacher/teacher could even make these faces four consecutive sermons or lessons and range more broadly on these topics in the Psalms as well as in the larger scope of Scripture.
Illustrating the Text
Lament helps us express before God the pain in life.
News Story: On July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800 exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York, just twelve minutes after takeoff. All 230 people on board were killed, making it the third-deadliest aviation accident to occur in United States territory. Included among the dead were sixteen members of the French club and their five chaperones from Montoursville High School in Pennsylvania. At a memorial service for the students and chaperones, the pastor began the service by reading from Psalm 13, “How long must I wrestle with my thoughts and day after day have sorrow in my heart?” (13:2).16 It is hard to imagine the depth of pain that the friends and family members of the victims were experiencing. Psalm 13 not only helps the reader identify with the sorrow and pain of David but also brings hope as it provides direction.
In the midst of distress, speak honestly with God.
Literature: Stories for the Journey, by William R. White. In this book, White shares the story of a seminary professor, Hans, who was devastated by the loss of his wife. The grief was so profound that Hans could not eat and would not leave his home. Concerned for their colleague, the seminary president and three professors visited Hans at his home. Hans confessed to them, “I am no longer able to pray to God. In fact, I am not certain I believe in God any more.” Undeterred, his friends responded, “Then we will believe for you. We will pray for you.” The four men continued to meet daily to pray for their friend. Some months later, the four colleagues gathered with Hans to pray. Hans was a different man, and he said, “It’s no longer necessary for you to pray for me. Today I would like you to pray with me.”17 A mistake that many people make when they feel disappointed with God is that they turn their backs on him completely. What we see in Psalm 13 is encouragement to continue to look to God, and permission to speak honestly with the Lord. It was this process that brought David to a point of joy and praise even in the midst of sorrow.
Our own story of faith
Testimony: Ask a person from your church who has had a challenging life experience to share his or her story with the congregation. The story should parallel Psalm 13—that is, someone who experienced a great sorrow, continued to turn to the Lord, and has come to a place of trust, joy, and praise. The testimony can be shared live or by video. Having a testimony from someone the listeners know will help the principles of Psalm 13 deepen in the hearts of the congregants and will emphasize the relevance of the Psalms.