Physiologically, the heart is an organ in the body, and in
the Bible it is also used in a number of metaphors. The NT uses the
Greek term kardia similarly to the OT Hebrew terms leb and lebab and
in some cases depends on OT usage.
Mind
and Emotions
Metaphorically,
the heart refers to the mind, the will, the seat of emotions, or even
the whole person. It also refers to the center of something or its
inner part. These metaphors come from the heart’s importance
and location.
Mind.
The heart refers to the mind, but not the brain, and in these cases
does not involve human physiology. It is a metaphor, and while the
neurophysiology of the heart may be interesting in its own right, it
has no bearing on this use of language. We also should not confuse
some modern English idioms or distinctions as being related to the
biblical viewpoint. The Bible does not make a distinction between
“head knowledge” and “heart knowledge,” nor
does it employ language making the “heart” good or
superior and the “head/mind” bad, inferior, or merely
intellectual. It does not prize the emotional over the thoughtful; it
has a more integrated viewpoint.
Deuteronomy
6:5 issues the command to love God with all one’s heart, soul,
and strength. When the command is repeated in the Gospels, it occurs
in three variations (Matt. 22:37; Mark 12:30; Luke 10:27). Common to
all three is the addition of the word “mind.” The Gospel
writers want to be sure that the audience hears Jesus adding “mind,”
but this addition is based on the fact that the meaning of the Hebrew
word for “heart” includes the mind.
The
mental activities of the metaphorical heart are abundant. The heart
is where a person thinks (Gen. 6:5; Deut. 7:17; 1 Chron. 29:18;
Rev. 18:7), where a person comprehends and has understanding (1 Kings
3:9; Job 17:4; Ps. 49:3; Prov. 14:13; Matt. 13:15). The heart makes
plans and has intentions (Gen. 6:5; 8:21; Prov. 20:5; 1 Chron.
29:18; Jer. 23:20). One believes with the heart (Luke 24:25; Acts
8:37; Rom. 10:9). The heart is the site of wisdom, discernment, and
skill (Exod. 35:34; 36:2; 1 Kings 3:9; 10:24). The heart is the
place of memory (Deut. 4:9; Ps. 119:11). The heart plays the role of
conscience (2 Sam. 24:10; 1 John 3:20–21).
It
is often worth the effort to substitute “mind” for
“heart” when reading the Bible in order to grasp the
mental dimension. For example, after telling the Israelites to love
God with all their heart, Moses says, “These commandments that
I give you today are to be upon your hearts” (Deut. 6:6).
Reading it instead as “be on your mind” changes our
perspective, and in this case the idiom “on your mind” is
clearer and more accurate. The following verses instruct parents to
talk to their children throughout the day about God’s words. In
order for parents to do this, God’s requirements and deeds need
to be constantly on their minds, out of their love for him.
Similarly, love for God and loyalty are expressed by meditation on
and determination to obey his law (Ps. 119:11, 112). The law is not
merely a list of rules; it is also a repository of a worldview in
which the Lord is the only God. To live consistently with this truth
requires careful, reflective thought.
Emotions
and attitude.
The heart, as the seat of emotion, is associated with a number of
feelings and sentiments, such as gladness (Exod. 4:14; Acts 2:26),
hatred (Lev. 19:17), pride (Deut. 8:14), resentment (Deut. 15:10),
dread (Deut. 28:67), sympathy (Judg. 5:9), love (Judg. 16:15),
sadness (1 Sam. 1:8; John 16:6), and jealousy and ambition
(James 3:14). The heart is also the frame of reference for attitudes
such as willingness, courage, and desire.
Idioms
The
word “heart” also appears in several idioms.
Hardness
of heart.
A hard heart is obstinate or averse (Mark 3:5), while a tender heart
is humble (2 Kings 22:19). In the book of Exodus the
translations typically say that God or Pharaoh hardened Pharaoh’s/his
heart. These passages in Exodus use not the Hebrew words for hardness
but rather those for being heavy or for strengthening. The neutral
sense of strengthening the heart takes on nuances in context for
being bold or obstinate. Pharaoh was strengthened in his opposition
to God, and this obstinacy fits the idiom of having a hard heart.
Uncircumcised/circumcised
heart.
An uncircumcised heart is a metaphor for an obstinate and rebellious
heart, while a circumcised heart is linked to being humble and
faithful (Lev. 26:41; Deut. 30:6; Jer. 4:4; Acts 7:51). Perhaps the
metaphor is based on the role of circumcision in the covenant.
“A
man after his [God’s] own heart” (1 Sam. 13:14).
This description of David may mean either “according to his
[God’s] choice” (cf. 2 Sam. 7:21), stressing God’s
choice over the people’s choice, or it may mean “in
accordance with his [God’s] desire” (1 Sam. 14:7;
1 Kings 15:3), referring to how David showed conformity with
God’s agenda.
All
the heart.
The phrase “with all [one’s] heart” in some cases
means “wholeheartedly” or “single-mindedly,”
which emphasizes unity of purpose and focus. In other cases it seems
to mean, more broadly, “with all of one’s thinking or
perspective” and implies the work of adjusting our worldview
away from common cultural assumptions and toward God’s
teaching.
Say
in one’s heart.
This expression denotes talking to oneself (i.e., thinking) rather
than out loud or indicates reflection or deliberation. There are
several warnings not to lie to oneself—that is, not to
deliberate, believe, and act on the stated false premise.
Take
[a matter] to heart.
To take something to heart is to take it very seriously or to give it
high priority.