... Herod’s perplexity about Jesus’ identity and the meaning of his ministry (vv. 7–9). It is probably legitimate to combine these two parts (derived from Mark 6:7–29 and portions of the sayings source) since Luke may have intended Herod’s question to be viewed against Jesus’ Galilean ministry as it reaches its climax in the sending of his men to preach and to heal, the very things that Jesus has been doing since Luke 4. Luke 9 is for the evangelist a transitional chapter. In it we see the Galilean ...
... God is released upon earth through the Spirit (see Acts 2). The context suggests, however, that the transfiguration is in view (Leaney, p. 166), which is probably meant to be understood as a foreshadowing of the resurrection which Jesus had predicted in ... v. 22 (see note below). Additional Notes 9:19 Some say …: Various prophetic figures from the past were viewed as candidates to appear on the scene to announce the dawn of the messianic kingdom; see note on 9:8 above. 9:21 This ...
... . also Deut. 2:36; 3:5 [“no city too high for us”] with Luke 10:15: Capernaum, will you be lifted up to the skies? No, you will be thrown down to the depths). 10:17–20 In startling contrast to the essentially negative and judgmental point of view of the previous verses, the seventy-two returned to Jesus with joy. What is even more odd is that their report has nothing to do with the success (or lack of success) of their preaching, but has to do with their authority over the demons (see note below). To ...
... Matt. 5:23–25). The prayer closes with the petition that God lead us not into temptation. What is probably in view here is the temptation that will come upon all of those who follow Jesus, particularly during the days that precede ... seek and find what? The reference is probably to seeking entrance into the kingdom (Luke 13:24). Knocking and having a door open may have in view the same idea of being admitted into the kingdom. In any case, Marshall (p. 468) is surely correct in seeing it as a guarantee that ...
... hypocrisy, but confessing one’s allegiance to Jesus, the Son of Man. Those confessing Jesus before men are assured that Jesus will confess them before the angels of God. Likewise, if one disowns Jesus, that one will in turn be disowned. The final judgment is in view (as is probably indicated by the designation Son of Man). All trials and persecution for the sake of allegiance to Jesus are worth it when it is realized that the day will come when Jesus will acknowledge before God in heaven the faith of his ...
... 19:1 and note on 10:30 above). Jesus still has a long walk ahead of him. kingdom of God: Luke could be suggesting that those who followed Jesus expected the kingdom of God to appear when Jesus arrived in Jerusalem. If not, then Luke is echoing the popular view that expected the kingdom to appear at any time. 19:12 a man of noble birth: That is, an aristocrat, one who would have claim to royalty. went to a distant country: This statement suggests a delay in the nobleman’s return and so corrects the popular ...
... to the much larger gifts of the rich, her gift, declares Jesus, is more than all the others. For while it was no inconvenience for the wealthy to give greater amounts, it was with significant personal hardship that the poor widow made her contribution. In view of Jesus’ condemnation of Pharisaic oral tradition that was more concerned with ritual than with human needs (see Mark 7:9–13), one may wonder if Jesus was praising the widow’s action (as is often assumed; see Marshall, pp. 750–52), or if he ...
... ” by Christians in Acts (2:42, 46; 20:7, 11; 27:35). 24:13–27 The first important fact to be observed is the dejection of the two followers. They had hoped that Jesus was the one who was going to redeem Israel. After all, in view of Jesus’ popularity and apparent power and authority from God, his followers fully expected him to triumph over the religious establishment in Jerusalem and even to subjugate the Romans. Israel at last would be free. But now that Jesus had been crucified and buried, it was ...
... sand on the seashore. Since the promise came to Abraham before the law was given and even before he was circumcised, it could be received only as a gift in faith, for Abraham had done nothing to merit it. This was an about-face from the conventional view of the synagogue. The rabbis taught that the promise came to Abraham because of his observance of Torah, and the faith with which he received it was itself a meritorious achievement. For Paul, however, grace depended not on a because of but on an in spite ...
... , Paul argued that from Abraham onward righteousness had always been by faith, even if Judaism mistakenly thought otherwise (e.g., 10:5–6). In reaction to this position, and in a desire to avoid anti-Semitic overtones, recent scholarship usually favors the first view that Christ is the goal and fulfillment of the law, i.e., the law still stands, but “apart from [Christ] it cannot be properly understood at all” (Cranfield, Romans, vol. 2, pp. 516–20). This interpretation is supported by the fact that ...
... to refer to the elect portion of both Gentiles and Jews (9:11; 11:5, 7), whereas Bengel understands it to refer to the Jewish Christian remnant (11:5). In one way or another, however, all these views surrender the one thing in Romans 9–11 that Paul refuses to surrender—unbelieving Israel. Such views may accord with the historical facts that greater Israel has not responded to the gospel, but they cancel the offense of unbelieving Israel (9:2ff.; 11:25–26) and discount the clear context of verse 26 ...
... .” Through endurance and the encouragement of the Scriptures we might have hope. In these words Paul introduces the theme of hope with which he will conclude the epistle (v. 13). We might have expected that Scripture would impart knowledge or salvation, but the apostle views its essential message as one of hope. Hope is the claiming of Christ’s coming triumph and reign by saving faith (8:24–25). Of course, Paul speaks of hope that comes not from the Scriptures per se but from the “God of hope” (v ...
... make them who they are. Then, he pointed to his own weakness and to his style of ministry that selflessly conformed to the cross of Christ. Only after registering these crucial lessons did Paul refer to the Spirit. He didn’t want the Corinthians to view the Spirit as a powerful possession that would grant them a special guarantee of salvation. In reality, the Spirit is the foundation of faith that moves those who are saved beyond themselves and into the vulnerability of life lived for God and for others ...
... and rearranges the sense and the logic of Paul’s quotation. More literally the citation says, Things which an eye did not see and an ear did not hear and on a human heart did not come up— things which God prepared for the ones loving him. Viewed in this more literal form and wording, the sense of Paul’s statement is more intelligible. By mentioning the eye, ear, and heart Paul registers that humans (in “this age”) did not and could not perceive God’s will and work. All of these are things that ...
... perishing.” By inverting the dynamics of the controversy, Paul gives a theological explanation for his insistence that any Corinthian wishing to be wise must first become a fool, and he describes the wisdom of this world from God’s point of view: it is foolishness. Paul’s explanation itself requires supporting arguments (in 3:19b-20) and further explanation (in 3:21–23). Paul offers a combination of explication, precedent, and proof by citing two passages of Scripture in support of his argument, Job ...
... , according to Plato (Euthyphro 14c), is a gift to the gods, and this was the current view of antiquity.… Modern comparative method, however, combined with anthropological theory, has sufficiently shown the complexity of ... in 8:1–6, 7–13 that he continues in 10:1–22 concerning Christian participation in pagan temple cultic meals. However, this view and the traditional interpretation are difficult to maintain because of the complicated, even contorted, discussion that Paul offers in 8:1–13. Moreover ...
... a new paragraph with this verse, which seems peculiar for a number of reasons. Critical editions of the Gk. text usually show a space, not a full paragraph, between v. 7 and v. 8, indicating a subtle turn in Paul’s logic or point of view after, not before, v. 7. Moreover, v. 7 illustrates the point Paul has been making in vv. 4–6. The references to serving, planting, and tending are illustrative rhetorical reinforcements for the rights mentioned in the discussion of vv. 4–6. The principle(s) behind ...
... —is unfortunately more often the rule than the exception. Nevertheless, our current worldviews should not determine the translation of ancient texts, especially when the imposition of an inappropriate understanding of Paul’s view of the world causes the reader to fail to comprehend Paul’s radical theological point of view and teaching. For a careful look at how Scripture functions here and at other selected places in this letter, see R. F. Collins (“ ‘It was indeed written for our sake’ [1 Cor ...
... a whole people. Nonetheless, Paul’s thinking has unique elements, and his use of the image of body is extraordinary. One should notice that Paul uses this metaphor both of the local church and of the church universal (see Rom. 12). Furthermore, in the philosophical view of antiquity, being a body was the concrete basis of all human relation. In the context of this letter to Corinth, as Paul refers to the body, he employs a term that formed the platonic antithesis to that with which many of the Corinthians ...
... to the explicit teaching of Paul elsewhere, e.g., Gal. 3:27–28; 1 Cor. 11:5, 12, including this letter. Additionally, Talbert sees Paul himself replying to, refuting, and rebutting the logic of verses 34–35 in verse 36, thus challenging and denying the view that the women should be silent in the church. A critique of Talbert’s suggestion could be that Paul’s rhetoric in these lines is not so clear as to signal and promote the recognition of the conversational or dialogical character of the text that ...
... completely consistent with the Bible’s two testaments to God’s glory and grace. The interpreter makes a mistake in our view by reading Revelation as a prediction of current world history or as a blueprint of a period of history yet to ... to restore and bless God’s covenant people, and through them all creation, through the risen and exalted Jesus Christ. Finally, John views his composition as “words of prophecy” (1:3) and thus instructive for Christian faith and life; its raw material has a divine ...
... for its inconsistent attention to the rigors of Christian faith, with the exception of the believers at Smyrna (2:8–10) and Philadelphia (3:8–10) who receive no censure from Christ. Finally, and of greatest rhetorical significance in our view, Christ encourages each congregation to overcome evil by obeying the message the Spirit conveys. Depending of the congregation’s spiritual condition, obedience is expressed either as repentance or as hope in the light of God’s sovereign and victorious reign ...
... , both Death and Hades (the place of the dead) are destined for the lake of fire as participants in the Evil One’s reign of terror (Rev. 20:14). According to this vision, however, Death and Hades are results of the horsemen’s activities, and are viewed, therefore, as agents of God’s salvation in accord with God’s decree. This does not mean that God ordains Death along with the evil powers and activities that sponsor it and Hades. Death results from creation’s rebellion against God (cf. Rom. 5:12 ...
... to abandon the promises of God’s prophetic word. While John perhaps intends to encourage Christians on the verge of martyrdom to “overcome” (nikaō; cf. Rev. 2–3), he is not speaking here about the testimony of Christian martyrs. John does not view the history of God’s people as divided into discrete dispensations; rather, the faithful remnant of Israel and now of the church form an unbroken testimony to God’s reign from creation to consummation. In this sense, the saints of old bear collective ...
... in the image of the creator, the social order in which every creature lives has been re-made in the image of the Evil One (cf. 13:15–17). According to apocalypticism, human society corrupts human souls. From a sociological perspective, people tend to view themselves as powerless in the face of the beast’s corrosive and coercive powers. Simply to survive, they find it necessary to enlist in the beast’s war against the saints. Thus, for those lost, trapped, and held powerless by the anti-Christian elite ...