... explain or physically display. But the true nature of that life will not remain a secret, because it is indissolubly bound to Christ and will be revealed at his return. This interpretation, which takes life in the sense of quality or essence, is preferred to the view that looks to the return of Christ as the time when those who are saved and thus belong to God will be identified. Additional Notes 3:1 For a helpful discussion on this section, see C. F. D. Moule, “The New Life in Colossians,” RevExp 70 ...
... their preaching had prevented their return (Acts 17:9 and see Introduction on The Founding of the Church). Paul’s reference to Satan as the real power behind “the coming of the lawless one” in 2 Thessalonians 2:9 may be reason for thinking that he viewed him also as the power behind the lawless rioting of Acts 17:5 and the consequent action of the magistrates (cf. Eph. 6:12). At least it is beyond any doubt that Paul longed intensely to see the Thessalonian Christians. The next verse explains why. 2 ...
... own wife.” But it should be observed that Peter does not call the wife the husband’s vessel, but rather implies that both the husband and wife are the vessels of God. In any case, if that were Paul’s meaning here, it would imply such a low view of marriage as would make nonsense of his use of marriage elsewhere as a model of mutual love and esteem (e.g., Eph. 5:21–23). Some support for the meaning of skeuos as “body” occurs in 2 Corinthians 4:7, where Paul highlights the weakness, including the ...
... product of mistaken ideas about the Parousia, either that it was near or had come (see disc. on 2 Thess. 2:2). On the one hand, this view receives some support in the fact that Paul moves from an allusion to the idle in 4:11f., to eschatology in 4:13–5:11, and then ... it may be easier to distinguish between spirit and body, the biblical notion of the wholeness of our being must be kept in view. Aspects of our being can be referred to as spirit, soul, or body, but our being is indivisible. It is a whole. We ...
... upon).” His punishment is directed to those earlier referred to as “those who trouble you” and here as those who do not know God and do not obey the gospel of our Lord Jesus. In repeating the Greek definite article with the second participle, Paul may have in view two distinct groups of people. If this is the case, we should suppose that the Gentiles are “those who do not know God” and the Jews are “those who do not obey the gospel.” The fact that in the OT “those who do not know God” are ...
... whole cloth” or from sources, has caused many to opt for a theory of genuine Pauline fragments being worked into a pseudepigraphic work. For the classic presentation of this view, see P. N. Harrison, The Problem of the Pastoral Epistles, and Paulines and Pastorals, in which he reworks some things in light of subsequent criticisms. Barrett seems to favor this view. 4:9 Many also have seen an inherent tension between vv. 9–18 and the rest of the letter. But that is due to the mistaken notions that Paul ...
... 43; 4:30; 5:12; 6:8; 14:3; 15:12). In Rom. 15:19, as in the present passage, the two terms are associated with “the power of the Spirit.” The reference to gifts of the Holy Spirit distributed according to his will recalls the identical Pauline view expressed in 1 Cor. 12:4, 11: “All these are the work of one and the same Spirit, and he gives them to each one, just as he determines.” For both writers the very presence of these gifts of the Holy Spirit conveys the message of eschatological fulfillment ...
James 4:13-17, James 5:1-6, James 5:7-12, James 5:13-20
Understanding Series
Peter H. Davids
... in James. The theme is close to James, but there are no verbal parallels to prove literary dependence. Much of the tradition sounds as if murder of the poor were involved. Many of these passages are poetic (e.g., Ps. 10) and may give God’s view of a matter that the people saw differently. Some poor suffered like Naboth (1 Kings 21), but far more suffered from legal confiscation of goods (as in Isa. 3), which only God saw as unjust and immoral. This was frequently termed “murder” in Jewish tradition (e ...
... the beginning. Moses feared for his life in crying out to the Lord, “They are almost ready to stone me.” God may have acknowledged the reality of this threat in telling Moses to “Take with you some of the elders . . . and go.” The people’s view of Moses would change radically at the next crisis, as they depended on him to survive the deadly attack from the Amalekites (vv. 8–16). God responded to Moses and the people in a measured way. Contrary to some interpretations, the Lord’s wrath is never ...
... debilitate a community, especially when the perpetrator was not called to account by an honest system of justice. The community was to hold violent persons responsible for the results of their actions, regardless of their social position (Num. 35:31; Lev. 19:15). Scripture views the malicious “spilling of blood” as an anti-creational act (a sin against the Creator) that affects even the earth (Gen. 4:10–12; Num. 35:33–34; Deut. 21:1–9). God’s law governed the “eye for an eye” principle, and ...
... made a covenant”) in v. 8 may refer to cutting words into clay or stone or to cutting an animal skin, or even the animal itself as a confirmation offering. 24:8 The use of blood in the consecration of priests (Lev. 8:30) has led commentators to view the sprinkling of blood at Sinai as the consecration of the whole people as a holy people (19:6; E. W. Nicholson, “The Covenant Ritual in Exodus XXIV 3–8,” VT 32 [1982], 74–86). Priests also used sprinkled water (mixed with a little ash from a burnt ...
... ’s sin (ʿawon, “wickedness”). Based on this khesed (unrelenting love) God forgave the people, but that generation nonetheless suffered the consequences of their rebellion by remaining in the wilderness. Another view of this apparent paradox is the concept of partial forgiveness. Interpreters holding this view say that God’s forgiveness means giving a lighter punishment to those who are forgiven (Tigay, “Exodus,” p. 189). Again, this interpretation rests on what the text means by “forgive ...
... –23). Out of the wonders of the crossing came two results. That day the Lord exalted (lit. made great) Joshua in the sight of all Israel, and they revered him all the days of his life, just as they had revered Moses (4:14). Joshua’s leadership was viewed as nearly identical to that of the greatest leader. God’s power and might also became well known to everyone. He effected the crossing so that all the peoples of the earth might know that the hand of the Lord is powerful and so that they might always ...
... of successes and failures. 7:1–9 The narrator sets the stage for failure at Ai (Hb. ruin; LXX, city). From an omniscient view, the narrator warns readers that all is not well in the camp after victory at Jericho. The people have acted unfaithfully in ... himself. The impact of this violation of herem means that the LORD’s anger burned against Israel (7:1). The point of view of the narrator focuses the story on the ban violation and its implications for the entire people. These responses explain why the ...
... 11) Othniel will be presented as the paradigmatic judge, which is perhaps why his story is repeated. Here he is introduced, appropriately, as a courageous and competent warrior. Moreover, he married a woman of his own clan, an important value in a book whose author viewed exogamy and idolatry as going hand in hand. This is a concern of the Deuteronomic History, the story of Ahab and Jezebel perhaps being the most vivid example of this form of sin against the Lord (1 Kgs. 16:31–33). Finally, the theme of ...
... the pericope, thus in emphatic position, is “Abimelech.” Additional Notes 9:1 Abimelech . . . went to his mother’s brothers in Shechem: A major interpretive issue in the story is whether the Shechemites were Israelite or Canaanite. The evidence favors the view that the main protagonists in the story were Israelites. First, the lead in to Abimelech’s story is the notice that the Israelites fell into idolatry, particularly expressed in worship of Baal-Berith, and they did not show covenant loyalty to ...
... in normal social functions such as these, which underscores the Lord’s continued gracious provision for Israel. The reference to Ibzan’s giving his sons and daughters in marriage to those outside his clan is puzzling, for the author’s audience would not have viewed this positively. Yet there is no censure. 12:11–12 Elon, the Zebulunite led Israel for ten years. We are given virtually no details about his life or administration, only his pedigree and the fact that he died and was buried in Aijalon in ...
... of Contempt,” JBL 96 [1977], pp. 321–36) argues that the drawing off of the sandal signifies the man’s withholding conception and sees a connection between this ceremony, the law in Deut. 25:5–10, and the story of Onan in Gen. 38. In Carmichael’s view, Mr. So-and-So’s nonaction is intertextually equivalent to Onan’s nonaction. 4:12 Tamar . . . Judah: For intertextual analyses of Ruth and Gen. 38, see K. Nielsen, Ruth, 95–99, and van Wolde, “Texts in Dialogue with Texts,” pp. 8–28.
... in this way the inclusion of these regions in the definition of All-Israel. The central nexus of this structure is, then, the genealogies of the tribe of Levi (6:1–81), emphasizing the special position of the Levites in the Chronicler’s view. I will use a structure that differs somewhat from the one suggested above (to correlate with the NIV pericope divisions), but the above description shows that the genealogies were certainly not a haphazard collection of family lists. Rather, they were an artful ...
... :41) we may assume that the name erroneously fell away in the process of textual transmission. See Klein, 1 Chronicles, p. 262; Knoppers, 1 Chronicles 10–29, p. 516. Summary of 1 Chron. 1:1—9:41 Read from the point of view of social-identity theory, the Chronicler’s grand construction, the genealogical introduction (1 Chron. 1–9), yields the following observations: a. The Chronicler situates his description of the history of Israel within the context of humanity in general, starting his genealogical ...
... on the throne of the kingdom of the LORD of Israel. Not only is the Judahite connection of the chosen house important to take note of, but also the kingdom being designated “the kingdom of the Lord of Israel.” This reflects the Chronicler’s view that the actual king of Israel is Yahweh. The house of David, with Solomon as its finest member, is earthly custodian of Yahweh’s reign. This aspect reminds one of the selection of psalm material that the Chronicler presented in 1 Chronicles 16. The central ...
... v. 26), like Darius’ letter in 6:11–12. Here it backs up verse 25. The relevance of verses 25–26 to the account of the implementation of the second mission is that the third of the four punishments is echoed in 10:8, and thereby the view of intermarriage as an infringement of the Torah receives support. 7:27–28a Now Ezra’s own voice breaks in, although the editor has in fact been quoting him for most of the chapter. The doxology traces Artaxerxes’ patronage not to his own endeavors, as in verse ...
... 16), and in two cases they function as a single area (vv. 14–15). In v. 19 a “ruler” of a city appears to be in view, if the text is correct. 3:11 Another section: While one work party tackled two sections in at least three cases (vv. 4/21, 5/27 ... temple hill to the north. 3:30 The Heb. indicates that living quarters refers to a room in the temple precincts. 3:31 In view of v. 26, the house of the temple servants, shared with the merchants, was used just when they were on temple duty. The unidentified ...
... 10:23). It was something a foreign nation would judge to be inhumane behavior, Nehemiah claimed, and it was also an immoral course of action that did not spring from a proper reverence for God. Here Nehemiah may have had Leviticus 25 in view, especially verses 39–43, and the appeal to “fear your God.” If so, he was reapplying its jubilee ruling about releasing debt slaves to the present emergency. “Let us give up,” he demanded, “this taking of pledges for debt” (REB). He deliberately included ...
... political and economic resurgence for the province under Nehemiah’s leadership. This uneasiness over future implications of a shift in the balance of regional power will be reflected in the misinterpretation of verses 6–7. The coalition of 4:7 is in view in verse 1, with Sanballat and Geshem as the ringleaders. Sanballat’s subordinate Tobiah is mentioned initially, but not in verses 2 or 5–6. Nehemiah was suspicious of the invitation to a meeting of regional leaders. There was an enclave of Judean ...