... Yahweh’s action, so now its demise is traced back to his action. The anointed one (v. 20) who was able to call God “my Father” (v. 26) is now rejected as an object of wrath (v. 38). The divinely initiated covenant (v. 3), which even in view of human violation (v. 31) would not be violated by God (v. 34), is now spurned and violated (NIV defiled, v. 39). Thus, the servant, once the recipient of the promised covenant (vv. 3, 20), is now the disappointed covenant-partner (v. 39). Yahweh had promised to ...
... . 6–7), and of his “house” or “holy temple” (vv. 1–4). 93:3–4 Although “your throne” is “from remotest time,” Yahweh’s kingship is here exhibited dramatically by his superiority to the sea (Hb. yām, v. 4). Contrary to the static views of divine kingship that many of us imagine (God merely sitting on his throne), this psalm presents King Yahweh exerting his warrior strength and waging battle against chaos and evil. The term for the seas (v. 3) is actually “rivers” (Hb. nehārôt ...
... contains a promise stated in a negative form: the LORD will not reject his people. This form of promise, in fact, points to a hope that is spelled out in verse 15 in a positive form: judgment will again be founded on righteousness. In view of such assurances the liturgist calls for social action from his congregation: Who will rise up for me against the wicked? Implicit here is that courage is needed to withstand these opponents. 94:17–23 Verse 17 is transitional. With the preceding confession of trust ...
... put to shame, the villages of Judah are glad because of your judgments (v. 8 is identical to 48:11, found in a Song of Zion). Yet we should recall that the opening verse has invited the earth also to be glad. What judgments are in view is not specified and may vary according to the particular place Psalm 97 had in the larger liturgy at the temple. They may relate to Yahweh’s righteousness revealed in the thunderstorm theophany against his foes (“justice” in v. 2 and “judgments” in v. 8 translate ...
... and “arm” “worked salvation” (“to work salvation for,” which particular Hb. construction is found only here in the Psalms). Psalm 44 appears to refer to the conquest of the land (v. 2, like 47:3, refers to Yahweh’s subduing “nations”). Thus, in view of the psalms of Yahweh’s kingship as a group, 98:1–3 probably refers in summary fashion to all of Yahweh’s public saving deeds. 98:4–6 These verses consist solely of imperatives calling for a festival celebration with shouting, singing ...
... creator of a covenant people (cf. Isa. 43:1, 15; 44:2). The designations, his people and the sheep of his pasture (cf. 23:1), point particularly to the latter role. These phrases, among others, are closely paralleled in Psalm 95, where both divine roles are in view: he is both cosmic Creator and “our God” in particular (vv. 3–7). Thus, in Psalm 100 Yahweh has a right to this confession of him as God because he is our maker, possessor, and provider. Our dependence on him is clearly implied in the sheep ...
... ), then toward the destitute (v. 17) and the prisoners (v. 20). Highlighted in each case is the gracious condescension of his mercy: Yahweh’s glory is manifested not as royal pomp but as attending to the destitute (vv. 16–17). From his heavenly perspective, he views all the earth, but he “hears” specifically the groans of the prisoners (vv. 19–20). The actions that he will perform on their behalf are to rebuild Zion and appear in his glory (v. 16), where his praise will in turn be declared (v. 21 ...
... (9:10–17), and John 6 (vv. 1–15) seems to combine the two. It has been suggested that Mark (followed by Matthew) found two accounts of the same feeding in his sources and copied them both. Lohmeyer (JBL, vol. 56, pp. 235ff.) supports the view that the duplication relates to the ethnic composition of the audience. The feeding of the five thousand is addressed to a Jewish population (the twelve baskets of Matt. 14:20 represent the twelve tribes of Israel), and the feeding of the four thousand relates to ...
... (9:10–17), and John 6 (vv. 1–15) seems to combine the two. It has been suggested that Mark (followed by Matthew) found two accounts of the same feeding in his sources and copied them both. Lohmeyer (JBL, vol. 56, pp. 235ff.) supports the view that the duplication relates to the ethnic composition of the audience. The feeding of the five thousand is addressed to a Jewish population (the twelve baskets of Matt. 14:20 represent the twelve tribes of Israel), and the feeding of the four thousand relates to ...
... a misconception of Jesus’ role. The disciples respond to Jesus’ inquiry, saying that some believe him to be John the Baptist, while others say Elijah or Jeremiah or one of the other prophets. It is significant that all four answers reflect the popular view that Jesus is a spokesman for God. Those who heard him had no doubt that his was a message with supernatural authority. In Jewish apocalyptic, the reappearance of famous individuals prior to the arrival of the Messiah was common. The writer of 2 ...
... represented by a piece of lifeless metal of human manufacture must itself be lifeless. Yahweh, by contrast, is not experienced through icons but through historical help and protection (vv. 9–11; see further G. von Rad, “Some Aspects of the Old Testament World-View,” in The Problem of the Hexateuch and Other Essays [London: SCM, 1966], pp. 144–65). In addition, it would not be fair to expect a liturgical song to nuance its statements and detail each logical inference as though it were a theological ...
... presence of God. The thought is that, since God is constantly informed by angelic beings of the welfare of his flock (both dia pantos, always, and blepousi, “continually see,” emphasize constant awareness), for leaders in the local congregation to view those committed to their charge as unworthy of care would be to violate the divine intention. Teaching about angels was expanded greatly in Judaism following the period of the exile. The doctrine of ministering (guardian?) angels is clearly established ...
... . It is composed of a personal confession to God (vv. 1–2) and an exhortation to the congregation, Israel (v. 3). To some readers, the attachment of a corporate exhortation to so personal a confession might sound artificial (esp. perhaps in view of the identical imperative in the preceding psalm, 130:7). But, as this commentary has emphasized, the so-called division between individual and corporate is of our own devising. The combination of personal confession and public admonishment is attested in other ...
... one (v. 17). This is similar to 2 Samuel 7, where David takes the initiative to give to Yahweh but soon finds himself out-given. Throughout the psalm, Yahweh shows remarkable devotion to those who esteem him. Additional Note 132:1–18 For the view that Ps. 132 was a liturgical composition used in the preexilic Jerusalem temple see Allen, Psalms 101–150, pp. 206–209; A. A. Anderson, The Book of Psalms (vol. 2; London: Oliphants, 1972), pp. 879–80; Mowinckel, Psalms in Israel’s Worship, vol. 1 ...
... Yahweh’s glory, which is great (v. 5), is that he condescends to help the lowly (cf. 113:4–9). 138:7–8 After celebrating the international scope of Yahweh’s praise, the psalm returns to the worshiper’s own situation, this time with a view towards the future. His recent deliverance (v. 3) gives confidence for future protection: Though I walk in the midst of trouble, you preserve my life. Yet the ultimate basis for this confidence lies not in this historical precedent, but in the character of Yahweh ...
... pleasant reading? Some commentators believe that interpretation of the psalm must begin with these verses. Its occasion would thus lie in the speaker’s conflict with the wicked: they have accused him falsely and he now seeks vindication from God. In this view, Psalm 139 is to be interpreted in light of others that are said to reflect more clearly a situation of false accusation (Pss. 7 and 17). Although nothing in the psalm rules out this interpretation categorically, Psalm 139 is distinctively different ...
... other words, the speaker claims that the confessions reported here are not insincere and manipulative, as though he had suddenly become religious in the face of an emergency. “You are my refuge” (Hb. maḥsê) is a familiar confession and becomes especially meaningful in view of the preceding lament of having no refuge (Hb. mānôs). Claiming Yahweh as my portion in the land of the living is particularly associated with the Levites (Num. 18:20). However, it is also found in psalms that do not appear to ...
... the Phoenicians and was later passed on to other nations. It was commonly used with slaves, foreigners, and criminals of the lowest class. It was difficult for the disciples to understand that Jesus the Messiah would be put to death. They still shared the Jewish view that Messiah would come in triumph (the parallel in Luke 18:34 says that “they did not grasp what was said”). It was even more difficult for them to understand that following his crucifixion he would be raised to life (v. 19). There is no ...
... s heavens and “skies” translate the one Hb. term, šāmayim). Among the creatures of the earthly realm, it might seem strange to see lightning, clouds, winds, etc., listed here and not with the waters above the skies in the heavenly list. Perhaps in view here are those elements of weather (esp. storms) that directly affect the earthly realm. In addition, verses 7–8 may reflect the cosmology also found in Genesis 1:6–8, 20, naming those creatures in the waters under the firmament (great sea creatures ...
... of the parable is that its major truth may be applied in various contexts. Whether or not the parable as recounted in Matthew comes intact from the lips of Jesus will be judged differently by various scholars, depending upon their view of the nature of Gospel literature. Interpretations of the parable will vary accordingly. Hill admits that there are “quite significant differences between the two texts” (p. 301) but explains them as evidence of the freedom with which oral tradition interpreted ...
... of the parable is that its major truth may be applied in various contexts. Whether or not the parable as recounted in Matthew comes intact from the lips of Jesus will be judged differently by various scholars, depending upon their view of the nature of Gospel literature. Interpretations of the parable will vary accordingly. Hill admits that there are “quite significant differences between the two texts” (p. 301) but explains them as evidence of the freedom with which oral tradition interpreted ...
... of the parable is that its major truth may be applied in various contexts. Whether or not the parable as recounted in Matthew comes intact from the lips of Jesus will be judged differently by various scholars, depending upon their view of the nature of Gospel literature. Interpretations of the parable will vary accordingly. Hill admits that there are “quite significant differences between the two texts” (p. 301) but explains them as evidence of the freedom with which oral tradition interpreted ...
... of the parable is that its major truth may be applied in various contexts. Whether or not the parable as recounted in Matthew comes intact from the lips of Jesus will be judged differently by various scholars, depending upon their view of the nature of Gospel literature. Interpretations of the parable will vary accordingly. Hill admits that there are “quite significant differences between the two texts” (p. 301) but explains them as evidence of the freedom with which oral tradition interpreted ...
... ” (v. 23, Phillips), Crucify him! (the imperfect tense in perissōs ekrazon indicates that they kept crying out more loudly than ever). When Pilate saw that he was getting nowhere but rather that a riot was under way, he took water and washed his hands in full view of the mob, declaring himself innocent of the death of Jesus. The responsibility was theirs. The practice of washing the hands as a symbol of purging oneself from guilt is based on Deuteronomy 21:6–9 (cf. Ps. 73:13). Since it was not a Roman ...
... (1 Kgs. 19:1–8). In the NT an angel prevents the murder of Jesus by warning Joseph to flee to Egypt with Mary and their baby (Matt. 2:13–15). Does Daniel 6 exemplify human dominion over the animals (see Gen. 1:28)? This is hardly in view, since Daniel is not presented as a lion tamer. Rather, God by means of an angel supernaturally intervenes. Does Daniel 6 anticipate the peaceable kingdom of Isaiah 11:6–9 and 65:25? It is true that when the kingdom of God comes, animals “will neither harm nor ...