... Lord gave Moses what he wanted (glory) and what he needed (knowledge of God’s goodness; 34:6–7). The text mutes the importance of the glory (34:5a), as God knew what Moses and the people needed was to know God’s goodness and name (i.e., God’s character, v. 19). The Lord’s response to Moses did not even mention glory. God said, “I will cause all my goodness to pass in front of you, and I will proclaim my name, the LORD, in your presence.” What Moses saw would simply serve to support what he had ...
... that same event, Israel had known that remarkable statement of divine self-identity: “The LORD, the LORD, the compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger, abounding in love and faithfulness . . . ” (Exod. 34:6). The basis of their future hope, then, was the definitive character of God; the LORD your God is a merciful God (v. 31). But the condition of their finding that God was wholehearted, repentant recommitment (vv. 29f.). As in 1:19–46, the sequence of verbs is rich, giving a ripple effect in ...
... to the nations was intended to demonstrate the righteousness of their laws and the nearness of their God (4:6–8), we can round out our understanding of that role from Deuteronomy 15. This is what such righteousness means; this is the character and requirement of that God. A society such as described in this chapter would undoubtedly be radically distinctive from “the way of the world,” and would arouse interest and questions. We should not detract from its ethical power and challenge by denigrating ...
... . The richness of Israel’s faith was that it could take the natural and culturally universal celebration of the bounty of nature, as expressed through seasonal feasts and rituals, and tie them to their own redemptive history. Their feasts thus retained their character as cyclical markers of the agricultural year, while avoiding the excesses of the fertility cults. Yahweh was to be worshipped as the saving God of their history and also as the providing God of their land, the giver of all fertility, the ...
... the people fairly (lit. “judge a righteous judgment”). In order to accomplish that, three negative commands (in the same emphatic form as the Ten Commandments) are given in a small series that is echoed in the law and elsewhere and that reflect at a human level the character of Yahweh as the utterly just judge (10:17). Do not pervert justice (lit. “turn,” or “bend” it; cf. Lev. 19:15; Deut. 24:17; 27:19; 1 Sam. 8:3; Amos 5:12; Isa. 10:2). Do not show partiality (lit. “regard faces”; cf. Ps ...
... the people fairly (lit. “judge a righteous judgment”). In order to accomplish that, three negative commands (in the same emphatic form as the Ten Commandments) are given in a small series that is echoed in the law and elsewhere and that reflect at a human level the character of Yahweh as the utterly just judge (10:17). Do not pervert justice (lit. “turn,” or “bend” it; cf. Lev. 19:15; Deut. 24:17; 27:19; 1 Sam. 8:3; Amos 5:12; Isa. 10:2). Do not show partiality (lit. “regard faces”; cf. Ps ...
... decidedly dampen any frivolous “taking the neighbor to court,” with all the undesirable social side effects of uncontrolled litigation. The severity of this law reflects the wayjustice in Israel was a matter of the utmost seriousness. Yahweh, by his character as well as his action, demanded commitment to social and judicial justice among the people who claimed his name. The most essential components of that justice were the impartiality of judges and the integrity of witnesses; hence the presence of ...
... to the Israelites actually learning and singing the song (v. 19, 22). Its witness must be on their own lips. 31:26 Place it beside the ark of the covenant: Only the tablets of the Ten Commandments were actually in the ark. The distinction is thus preserved between the special character of the ten words and all the rest of the law that applied and developed them (cf. 5:22).
... reminds the king of what he has sworn and so ensures that Adonijah is dependent for his life upon Solomon’s own oath. The story is constructed quite deliberately so as to make these connections between the mothers and their sons clear and to invest the characters with a sense of predestination. See further M. Garsiel, “Puns upon Names as a Literary Device in 1 Kings 1–2,” Bib 72 (1991), pp. 379–86. 1:42 A worthy man: The Hb. is ʾîš ḥayil, which can be taken as referring to moral worth. The ...
... to Jesus. Once this is seen, it is impossible to read the Solomon story without echoes of the Jesus story constantly sounding in our ears (e.g., in the “coronation” scene of 1 Kgs. 1:38–40; cf. Matt. 21:1–11). All the OT characters who prefigure Jesus are, of course, less than the ideal towards whom they point. Even David had deficiencies, as Matthew’s genealogy of Jesus somewhat brutally reminds us (Matt. 1:6) in referring to Bathsheba, not by name, but as “Uriah’s wife.” We have ...
... to Jesus. Once this is seen, it is impossible to read the Solomon story without echoes of the Jesus story constantly sounding in our ears (e.g., in the “coronation” scene of 1 Kgs. 1:38–40; cf. Matt. 21:1–11). All the OT characters who prefigure Jesus are, of course, less than the ideal towards whom they point. Even David had deficiencies, as Matthew’s genealogy of Jesus somewhat brutally reminds us (Matt. 1:6) in referring to Bathsheba, not by name, but as “Uriah’s wife.” We have ...
... eschewed idolatry. He took action against the shrine prostitutes mentioned in 14:24 (v. 12), “removed” the idols made in previous reigns, and deposed his own idolatrous mother (cf. the additional note on 15:10) who had made a repulsive object of uncertain character for Asherah (v. 13) He did not remove (Hb. swr) the high places and focus his reformed worship only on the temple in Jerusalem, but otherwise he was exemplary in his religious policy. He reminds us of Solomon in his earlier period, unwisely ...
... northern monarchy. He knows that the LORD is God, but he acts in ways that belie this. The Jericho-like victory at Aphek (cf. Josh. 6) leads on to an aftermath of Achan-like (and Saul-like) actions that bring prophetic judgment. The threat to Ahab, as a character of this sort, was in chapter 18 only implicit. In chapter 20 it becomes explicit, and we are thus prepared for the king’s death in chapter 22. 20:1–12 Asa, king of Judah, had first involved Aram in the affairs of Israel, inviting a previous Ben ...
... northern monarchy. He knows that the LORD is God, but he acts in ways that belie this. The Jericho-like victory at Aphek (cf. Josh. 6) leads on to an aftermath of Achan-like (and Saul-like) actions that bring prophetic judgment. The threat to Ahab, as a character of this sort, was in chapter 18 only implicit. In chapter 20 it becomes explicit, and we are thus prepared for the king’s death in chapter 22. 20:1–12 Asa, king of Judah, had first involved Aram in the affairs of Israel, inviting a previous Ben ...
Jehoshaphat and Ahaziah: Jehoshaphat and Ahaziah, already characters in Ahab’s story (1 Kgs. 22:2 etc.; 22:40), now find a place of their own. Our expectations differ with respect to each. Jehoshaphat is a Davidic king, so we anticipate no major disasters in his reign (cf. 1 Kgs. 11:36), particularly since he is evidently pious ( ...
Miracles, Trivial and Significant: Elisha’s prophetic activity thus far has been of a relatively private character (2 Kgs. 2:19–25; 4:1–44). Prior to chapter 5, there was just that single excursion into the wider world in chapter 3. We know, however, that it is his destiny to be a pivotal figure in the drama of international politics between Israel and Aram (1 Kgs. ...
... ; 4:12; 5:4) and derived from the root znh found in 1 Kgs. 22:38 (cf. also 1 Kgs. 3:16). All cannot truly be well in Israel while the worship of Baal continues, for all is not well between Israel and the LORD. Jehoram is thus the first character in Kings to receive a negative answer (mâ haššālôm) to this question (hašālôm); for it is his father’s house that must be removed if there truly to be “well-being” in Israel (cf. the word play in v. 26, Hb. šillamtî leḵā, “I will make ...
... ; 4:12; 5:4) and derived from the root znh found in 1 Kgs. 22:38 (cf. also 1 Kgs. 3:16). All cannot truly be well in Israel while the worship of Baal continues, for all is not well between Israel and the LORD. Jehoram is thus the first character in Kings to receive a negative answer (mâ haššālôm) to this question (hašālôm); for it is his father’s house that must be removed if there truly to be “well-being” in Israel (cf. the word play in v. 26, Hb. šillamtî leḵā, “I will make ...
The End of Israel: The “uprooting” and “scattering” of Israel (1 Kgs. 14:15) has long been delayed because of God’s promises and character (2 Kgs. 10:30; 13; 14:23–29). God has continually saved (Hb. yšʿ) it from its enemies: through Elisha, through Jeroboam (2 Kgs. 14:27), through other unnamed saviors (2 Kgs. 13:5). There have been signs in the preceding chapters, however, that deliverance is now at an end, ...
The End of Israel: The “uprooting” and “scattering” of Israel (1 Kgs. 14:15) has long been delayed because of God’s promises and character (2 Kgs. 10:30; 13; 14:23–29). God has continually saved (Hb. yšʿ) it from its enemies: through Elisha, through Jeroboam (2 Kgs. 14:27), through other unnamed saviors (2 Kgs. 13:5). There have been signs in the preceding chapters, however, that deliverance is now at an end, ...
... say! Surprisingly enough, this very Judah is the father of the lineage under discussion in this central part of the Chronicler’s genealogies. It is quite telling that the golden line of Israelite covenantal history does not shy away from the dubious characters. Father Jacob/Israel was, of course, another example. All five “sons of Judah” are mentioned in the Genesis 38 narrative. The Chronicler took over some small elements of this narrative, such as the statement that the first three sons were born ...
... , the indication that the Levites had carried “the tabernacle” seems strange. We know from other sections in Chronicles that they used to carry the ark of the covenant, but not “the tabernacle.” This confusion is probably witness to the composite character of the literature here, but it also reminds one of the information in Numbers 3:21–37 and 10:17, which note that Levite families had special duties regarding the tabernacle. The new dispensation for the Levites is motivated with reference ...
... , the indication that the Levites had carried “the tabernacle” seems strange. We know from other sections in Chronicles that they used to carry the ark of the covenant, but not “the tabernacle.” This confusion is probably witness to the composite character of the literature here, but it also reminds one of the information in Numbers 3:21–37 and 10:17, which note that Levite families had special duties regarding the tabernacle. The new dispensation for the Levites is motivated with reference ...
... , the indication that the Levites had carried “the tabernacle” seems strange. We know from other sections in Chronicles that they used to carry the ark of the covenant, but not “the tabernacle.” This confusion is probably witness to the composite character of the literature here, but it also reminds one of the information in Numbers 3:21–37 and 10:17, which note that Levite families had special duties regarding the tabernacle. The new dispensation for the Levites is motivated with reference ...
... in 29:10 states that David praised the LORD. The Hebrew word used here can also be translated “to bless” or “to speak words invoking divine favor.” David’s prayer is spoken in the presence of the whole assembly, and it therefore has a liturgical character. God is addressed in the prayer with the expressions O LORD, God of our father Israel, from everlasting to everlasting (29:10) and O LORD, God of our fathers Abraham, Isaac and Israel (29:18). It is clear that David acknowledges that the God who ...