The message of consolation (41:8–20) is enclosed by two arguments against the nations (41:1–7, 21–29). These arguments are addressed particularly to Israel to assure her that the nations are subject to God’s power. The nations are called to come before God’s tribunal (41:1–7). Through a series of questions and answers, Yahweh announces the imminence of the judgment for the rebellious nations who are foolishly hoping that their idols will protect them. The instrument of God’s judgment here (“one from the east”) is ambiguous (41:2; cf. 41:21).

He answers his own question with the declaration, “I, the Lord—with the first of them and with the last—I am he” (41:4). The nations respond foolishly to the sovereignty of Israel’s God. They renew their commitment to idols. The prophet mocks those i…