The theme of the restoration of the people of God is developed in nine strophes (verse units) (51:1–3, 4–6, 7–8, 9–11, 12–16, 17–23; 52:1–2, 3–6, 7–12). These strophes are connected by the repetition of imperatives (“listen,” 51:1, 4, 7, 21; 52:8; “look,” 51:1–2; “awake,” 51:9, 17; 52:1; and “depart,” 52:11), promises of comfort, and references to creation and redemption. God’s words of comfort (51:1–3) are addressed to those who still fear the nations among whom they are dwelling. They believe but have not yet come to the point where their faith is a conquering faith. There are many lingering questions. Will Yahweh restore his people to the land? Will he multiply his people again? Will their enemies prevail once more?

The pursuit of righteousness focuses on God’s ordering of all things …