This psalm concerns an impending attack against Edom (v. 9) and comes out of the background of a recent, devastating battle defeat (vv. 1–4, 10). The divine oracle (vv. 6–8), which is either a citation of an earlier prophecy or a newly delivered one, presupposes a united monarchy, where Ephraim and Judah are part of the same kingdom. Though not apparent initially, the historical superscription can be fitted with the OT’s historical narratives. David did defeat Philistia (v. 8; cf. 2 Sam. 8:1), Moab (v. 8; cf. 2 Sam. 8:2), and Edom (v. 8; cf. 2 Sam. 8:13–14). He also fought Aram Naharaim (i.e., “Arameans . . . from beyond the River” in Mesopotamia; cf. the psalm heading and 2 Sam. 10:16–19) and Aram Zobah (cf. the heading and 2 Sam. 8:3–6, 12; 10:6–15). But 2 Samuel records only David’s vic…