To clarify the nature of the accusations made by the Jews, Paul is brought before the chief priests and the Sanhedrin (22:30–23:11). Paul’s opening words are significant (23:1). In stating that he has fulfilled his “duty to God,” Paul declares that he is directly responsible to God, not to those who claim to represent him. The note on his “good conscience” also highlights that he is only responsible to God. In Paul’s letters and in other New Testament writings, this phrase does not refer to mere subjective feelings or an adherence to an abstract set of universal moral imperatives; rather, this “good conscience” refers to submission to the will and sovereignty of God (cf. 1 Tim. 1:5, 19; 1 Pet. 3:21). Finally, “to this day” also points to the consistency and determination of Paul (cf. 2:29…