... a minister to my need”]). This use of the term apostolos can be compared to the Jewish use of the term of one who is commissioned for a particular mission. Both of these representatives are described as a “glory” (here translated honor) to Christ. The impression given by verse 23 is that the two brothers had been appointed by the churches to assist Paul in the collection. At Paul’s insistence, they were there to ensure that Paul would not falsely be accused of embezzlement (vv. 20–21). 8:24 Paul ...
... 11:22). In view of this “counter-boasting,” we may assume that the opponents also claim to have visions and revelations. It is uncertain whether Paul intends a distinction between “visions” and “revelations.” Perhaps he merely amplifies in order to impress his readers with the quantity of his revelatory experiences (compare the hyperbolic language in v. 7). If, as we argued, 2:14 refers to Paul’s encounter with the divine throne-chariot and the revelation that derives from that experience, it ...
James 5:1-6, James 4:13-17, James 5:7-12, James 5:13-20
Understanding Series
Peter H. Davids
... of control and status in life that 1 John 2:16 cites, but the claim is false, for the world in the context of which the boast is made is passing away. It is “the presumptuous claims and ostentatious behavior of men by which they seek to impress one another, and very often delude themselves” (C. E. B. Cranfield, The Epistle to the Romans [Edinburgh, 1975], vol. 1, p. 132.) They boast in their empty plans of grandeur: “You should see the deal I’m going to get,” or perhaps a more modest-sounding ...
James 5:7-12, James 4:13-17, James 5:1-6, James 5:13-20
Understanding Series
Peter H. Davids
... of control and status in life that 1 John 2:16 cites, but the claim is false, for the world in the context of which the boast is made is passing away. It is “the presumptuous claims and ostentatious behavior of men by which they seek to impress one another, and very often delude themselves” (C. E. B. Cranfield, The Epistle to the Romans [Edinburgh, 1975], vol. 1, p. 132.) They boast in their empty plans of grandeur: “You should see the deal I’m going to get,” or perhaps a more modest-sounding ...
James 5:13-20, James 4:13-17, James 5:1-6, James 5:7-12
Understanding Series
Peter H. Davids
... of control and status in life that 1 John 2:16 cites, but the claim is false, for the world in the context of which the boast is made is passing away. It is “the presumptuous claims and ostentatious behavior of men by which they seek to impress one another, and very often delude themselves” (C. E. B. Cranfield, The Epistle to the Romans [Edinburgh, 1975], vol. 1, p. 132.) They boast in their empty plans of grandeur: “You should see the deal I’m going to get,” or perhaps a more modest-sounding ...
... of trouble in religious companies (Mark 10:41; Luke 22:24). Slander (katalalia), from kata (down) and lalein (to chatter): disparagement, malicious gossip (“to talk down someone”). 2:2 Like newborn babies: The use of such a term would make a special impression on readers with a Jewish background. The tenderness of the Jewish family bond is reflected in the colorful expressions used to describe each stage of child-life. Apart from general Hebrew terms like ben (son of) and bath (daughter of), the Jews ...
... , so prominent in 1:1–5, but includes every Christian. (In each instance a claim from the false teachers is answered with the true Johannine teaching from the Elder. The secessionists, who have divided the community (1 John 2:19), have left a strong impression on the remaining Johannine Christians. In fact, they continue to visit the house churches of those loyal to the Elder to win them over (2 John 10–11). The Elder must counter their teaching lest he lose his flock. The first claim of the schismatics ...
... pattern of prayer found in Scripture, the call for deliverance from difficult or oppressive circumstances. Jacob strengthened his petition by recounting to God the promises of prosperity and descendants that God had given him in terms of the Abrahamic blessing. He wanted to impress on God that the divine purposes were at stake in his meeting with Esau. 32:13–21 Having resolved to spend the night in that place, Jacob prepared an enormous gift for his brother Esau: two hundred female goats and twenty male ...
... were concerned primarily (though not exclusively in the case of the tenth) with material property. People matter more than things. It would be going too far to assert a strict sequential order of values in the Ten Commandments, but the overall impression seems valid. God’s priorities for human moral attention are: God, society, family, life, sex, property. It hardly needs to be pointed out that in Western society at least, modern culture has almost precisely inverted this order of priorities. Having built ...
... . Perjury, if successful in a capital case, would turn the false witness into a murderer. Whatever our views on capital punishment in the modern secular state, there is no doubt that the procedural concerns of Deuteronomy’s judicial instructions are impressive and point to objectives still well worth striving for. 17:8–13 These verses describe the higher level of judicial administration in Israel. Verse 16:18 speaks of local tribal judges in the settlements. But here we find the establishment ...
... . Perjury, if successful in a capital case, would turn the false witness into a murderer. Whatever our views on capital punishment in the modern secular state, there is no doubt that the procedural concerns of Deuteronomy’s judicial instructions are impressive and point to objectives still well worth striving for. 17:8–13 These verses describe the higher level of judicial administration in Israel. Verse 16:18 speaks of local tribal judges in the settlements. But here we find the establishment ...
... final phrase of the law shows that some form of serious immorality or idolatry was involved. 22:6–7 Some see this law as another example of Deuteronomy’s humanitarian spirit (cf. 25:4), though the mother bird, of course, may not have been so impressed on this score. Others have invoked a sacral reasoning (cf. Lev. 22:27f.). Perhaps the most likely rationale, through comparison with the fruit trees of 20:19–20, is the conservationist principle of preserving a source of food supply for the future by not ...
... millions of the world’s population where, without adequate latrines, people defecate in the open and insect borne diseases spread easily. Since God was aware of the effects of germs long before humans knew of their existence, we may be impressed yet again with the correlation between holiness and health. Physical cleanliness, ritual cleanness, and moral holiness were interrelated. Additional Notes 23:10 A nocturnal emission (lit., “what happens at night”) could mean an emission of semen (cf. Lev. 15 ...
... by Jeremiah in his acted prophecy (Jer. 13:1–11; cf. 33:9). If these close parallels are allusions to the Deuteronomic text, then they support the understanding that it is primarily the honor of Yahweh that is the goal of the exaltation of Israel. And this impression is further strengthened by the final phrase of the chapter, that Israel would be a people holy to the LORD, for this is another clear echo of Exodus 19:6, where holiness is linked to Israel’s role as God’s priesthood in the midst of the ...
... him: As the sons of the prophets seem to have gathered to listen to the prophet, so here the elders of Samaria are gathered in Elisha’s house (cf. the similar scene in Ezek. 8:1; 20:1). 6:33 The messenger . . . the king: The NIV gives the impression that the king is present during this interchange. This interpretation may be influenced by 7:17–18, which says that the king “came down” to Elisha and that he spoke the prophecy “to the king.” There is no king in the Hb. text of v. 33, however. The ...
... assault, however destructive his campaign proves to be. Additional Notes 10:1 The officials of Jezreel . . . the guardians: We assume that the officials are the two men whose titles appear in v. 5: the “palace administrator” and the “city governor.” The impression there, however, is that these are officials based in (rather than simply visiting or having fled to) Samaria. Why they should be called officials of Jezreel is a mystery, unless the idea is that Jezreel, while having its own elders and ...
... . “the oak tree” in 1 Kgs. 13:14; “the lion will kill you” in 1 Kgs. 20:36; “the day” in 2 Kgs. 4:8, 11, 18). We could translate the line, therefore: “an Asherah pole (once again) stood in Samaria.” 13:14 Wept over him: The NIV gives the impression that Elisha is the cause of the king’s distress. The Hb., however, is wayyēbk ʿal-pānāyw, which must mean that he wept before/in the sight of the prophet (cf. Lev. 10:3; Jer. 6:7 etc.). He weeps because he thinks he is on the ...
... sat on his throne and repeated the evil of his fathers when he is assassinated. The promise has run its course (v. 12; cf. 2 Kgs. 10:30), and before even one more regnal year has passed, the LORD removes Jehu’s house from government. We have the impression of accumulated wrath, ready to burst in upon Jehu the moment the blockage to the normal flow of events is removed. 15:13–16 Shallum, however, survives for an even briefer time. He holds on to power for a mere month before losing both crown and life to ...
... sat on his throne and repeated the evil of his fathers when he is assassinated. The promise has run its course (v. 12; cf. 2 Kgs. 10:30), and before even one more regnal year has passed, the LORD removes Jehu’s house from government. We have the impression of accumulated wrath, ready to burst in upon Jehu the moment the blockage to the normal flow of events is removed. 15:13–16 Shallum, however, survives for an even briefer time. He holds on to power for a mere month before losing both crown and life to ...
... sat on his throne and repeated the evil of his fathers when he is assassinated. The promise has run its course (v. 12; cf. 2 Kgs. 10:30), and before even one more regnal year has passed, the LORD removes Jehu’s house from government. We have the impression of accumulated wrath, ready to burst in upon Jehu the moment the blockage to the normal flow of events is removed. 15:13–16 Shallum, however, survives for an even briefer time. He holds on to power for a mere month before losing both crown and life to ...
... sat on his throne and repeated the evil of his fathers when he is assassinated. The promise has run its course (v. 12; cf. 2 Kgs. 10:30), and before even one more regnal year has passed, the LORD removes Jehu’s house from government. We have the impression of accumulated wrath, ready to burst in upon Jehu the moment the blockage to the normal flow of events is removed. 15:13–16 Shallum, however, survives for an even briefer time. He holds on to power for a mere month before losing both crown and life to ...
... to nothing. Jerusalem has not suffered the same fate as Samaria. Yet the Davidic promise has been cited in 2 Kings 16–19, not in relation to a wicked king, but in relation to the most pious king Judah has had (19:34). This creates the impression that in these days of accumulated sin, even a good king requires God’s special grace if the kingdom is to survive. It brings into question, therefore, whether Judah may expect in the future, under apostate kings, the kind of special treatment it has received in ...
... the law of Moses. Hezekiah was a second David. He was (like David) not without flaws, as his first reaction to the Assyrian invasion revealed (18:13–16) and as his later reaction to illness confirmed (20:1–11). His trust in the LORD was, nevertheless, impressive. Yet Hezekiah and Josiah were good kings living in bad times. With the death of Jeroboam II in 2 Kings 14:29, all restraint upon the wrath of God against Israel was lifted and exile for the northern kingdom quickly followed (2 Kgs. 17). It also ...
... the law of Moses. Hezekiah was a second David. He was (like David) not without flaws, as his first reaction to the Assyrian invasion revealed (18:13–16) and as his later reaction to illness confirmed (20:1–11). His trust in the LORD was, nevertheless, impressive. Yet Hezekiah and Josiah were good kings living in bad times. With the death of Jeroboam II in 2 Kings 14:29, all restraint upon the wrath of God against Israel was lifted and exile for the northern kingdom quickly followed (2 Kgs. 17). It also ...
... the law of Moses. Hezekiah was a second David. He was (like David) not without flaws, as his first reaction to the Assyrian invasion revealed (18:13–16) and as his later reaction to illness confirmed (20:1–11). His trust in the LORD was, nevertheless, impressive. Yet Hezekiah and Josiah were good kings living in bad times. With the death of Jeroboam II in 2 Kings 14:29, all restraint upon the wrath of God against Israel was lifted and exile for the northern kingdom quickly followed (2 Kgs. 17). It also ...