... bit by bit enmeshed again in their previous way of life. The verb is used in 2 Tim. 2:4, but nowhere else in the NT. The phrase worse off at the end echoes the virtually identical warning by Jesus concerning the consequences that will follow an evil spirit’s return (Matt. 12:43–45; Luke 11:24–26). 2:21 From the earliest days of the church, the way was a term that described Christianity (see Additional Note on 2:2). Peter several times employs a similar expression: the way of truth (2:2); the straight ...
... appeared to be a deeply pious person. After all, he acknowledged that the Lord was responsible for his victory; and a whole burnt offering was no small gift, inexpensive as it was. But how pious was Jephthah’s vow? Would not the gift of the Holy Spirit have been sufficient to assure him of victory? Rather than go in the strength he had (Judg. 6:14), Jephthah preferred to strike a deal with the Lord, to manipulate him in order to guarantee success. While the action was bad enough in itself, the content ...
... between women and men who are part of the covenant people of the Lord. (Jesus’ teaching on divorce is found in Mark 10:2–10 and Matt. 19:3–9.) The end of verse 16 repeats the admonition from verse 15: So guard yourself in your spirit, and do not break faith. Perhaps Malachi is also applying the “golden rule” of Leviticus 19:17–18 to marriage: Do not hate your wife and divorce her, but love your wife as yourself. Additional Notes 2:10 Father: Hebrew has no capital letters, so the translation ...
... as in its first occurrence in the discourse, that is, in verse 51. “Flesh” there referred to Jesus’ death for the world, and if the word is given a similar sense in verse 63, the assertion is that death by itself is worthless. Spirit functions here as a life-giving spirit, the means of resurrection (cf. 1 Cor. 15:45; Rom. 8:11). Without the hope of resurrection, death even for a noble cause counts for nothing, and death “for the life of the world” (v. 51) is an impossibility Verse 63 thus accents ...
... ; 7:52; and 1 Pet. 3:18; as God is righteous in 1:9), not only in view of his sinless character (John 8:46) but because he saves and advocates for sinners. He is our paraklētos, translated in the NIV as one who speaks … in our defense. The Spirit is the paraklētos in John 15:26 and “another paraklētos” in 14:16–17, in which it is implied that Jesus himself is the original. Before God, or in the presence of the Father (pros ton patera; cf. 1:2), Jesus intercedes for sinners and speaks on their ...
... has left us an account of a violent prophetic frenzy in the midst of a sacrificial temple ritual in Byblos, a city on the Phoenician coast to the north of Jezebel’s home town of Sidon (cf. ANET, pp. 25–29). The NT, of course, also knows of spirit possession by malevolent rather than beneficent forces, often involving violence and self-abuse (e.g., Matt. 15:21–28; Luke 8:26–39; 9:37–43), and Jesus’ own prophetic ministry was, indeed, seen as “madness” by some (e.g., John 7:14–20; 8:48–59 ...
... a figure for Yahweh’s commissioning (e.g., 1 Sam. 10:1; 2 Sam. 12:7).Prophets were not anointed (being a prophet was not an office), except in 1 Kings 19:16. Only in connection with David do the two ideas of anointing and Yahweh’s spirit come closely together (see 1 Sam. 16; 2 Sam. 23). In effect, then, this prophet claims to be a David-like figure for the community, anointed (metaphorically) like David and endowed like David. The prophet is thus saying something parallel to 55:3–5. As David’s ...
... seen in the “crafty serpent” of Genesis 3 (Satan is called the “ancient serpent” in Rev. 12:9; 20:2), the adversarial angel in the heavenly court in Job 1:6–12; 2:1–7; Zechariah 3:1–2, and the “Satan” in 1 Chronicles 21:1. Interest in evil spirits and in Satan grew in the intertestamental period, possibly due to the rise of apocalyptic fervor (see 1 En.6–16; 54; Jub.10; T. Job 6–8). In the New Testament Satan is the central enemy of God and his people. He is “the god of this world ...
... and the true role of the Messiah. the straps of whose sandals. A rabbi’s pupil was expected to undertake all sorts of mundane service for his teacher, but the removal of the sandals was too low even for the pupil; it was the slave’s job. Holy Spirit and fire. In the light of 3:9, 17, it is more likely that “fire” here refers to judgment on the unrepentant as the flip side of Jesus’s mission of salvation than that it denotes the purification of those who are saved. Luke might also be thinking ...
... are dying know that when resurrection comes, they will be raised with a body that will never die. Those who are mourning no longer have to fear the eternal separation from the ones they love or to think they will eternally be impersonal, disembodied spirits. Their loved ones who belong to Christ’s community will be raised as full persons, body and soul. They will all live together forever when God restores his creation to himself (15:53–54; cf. 1 Thess. 4:16–18). Illustrating the Text The Christian ...
... God’s word, which is a lamp to our feet and a guide to our paths (Ps. 119:105). But guidance can come also through the proclamations of God’s ministers and through the supernatural leading of God’s Spirit (Rom. 8:14), just as God guided Jesus, Philip, and Paul through the Spirit (Luke 4:1; Acts 8:29; 16:7). Teaching the Text In this passage final preparations are made for the Israelites to resume their journey toward the promised land, carrying with them a little bit of the Mount Sinai experience ...
... Israel’s anointed leader and of the commission that Samuel has just delivered to him. The first two signs will demonstrate God’s providential control of events, and the third will demonstrate that God has chosen Saul to be his special instrument, empowered by the divine Spirit for the task at hand. 10:7 do whatever your hand finds to do. Once the signs are fulfilled and Saul is convinced of God’s presence and enabling power, he is to do what is appropriate. Though this command may seem a bit vague ...
... verbal linking of this confession of guilt with the earlier one is a powerful literary device: by it the narrator characterizes Saul as a sinner. His sin in the Amalekite affair has prompted God to formally reject him as king and to withdraw his Spirit. Most of his energy after that incident has been directed toward David’s demise, but by his own admission, his efforts have been sinful. Come back, David my son. This invitation contributes to the narrator’s depiction of David as innocent, for it shows ...
... ask”) is used of Saul’s inquiring of God is in 14:37; as here, that text informs us that the Lord did not answer him. By way of contrast, when David inquired of the Lord, he received a quick reply (23:1–4). 28:8 Consult a spirit for me. Saul’s use of the verb “consult” (qasam) eerily echoes Samuel’s words to him on the occasion of his rejection as king: “rebellion is like the sin of divination [qesem]” (15:23). In the Lord’s sight, Saul’s disobedience is tantamount to divination, a ...
... may have been temporary following the death of Gubaru, the first governor of Babylon under Cyrus.8 6:3 Daniel so distinguished himself . . . by his exceptional qualities. The Masoretic Text credits Daniel’s success to “an excellent spirit” (ESV; Aramaic ruah yattira’) within him, reflecting the “spirit of the holy gods” mentioned in 4:8–9, 18; and 5:11–12, 14. The NIV’s translation, “qualities,” better describes his aptitude and abilities (cf. 1:4; 5:14b), which were also given by ...
... . Timidity may be keeping you from being the person that Christ needs you to be. This was what St. Paul is concerned about with young Timothy. He knew that timidity can keep you from showing love to God’s children. When we are intimidated by a spirit of timidity or fear, it causes us to break the 11th commandment. What is the 11th commandment? “A new commandment I give unto you, that you love one another.” (John 13:34). Fear, when it manifests itself as timidity or shyness, can be the most selfish ...
... existing social structures that are already familiar and credible to the Israelites. The Lord legitimates the participation of the seventy elders with Moses as mediators between himself and the people by taking some of the divine Spirit that is on Moses and putting it on them. They demonstrate their gift of the Spirit by prophesying just once (Num. 11:16–17, 24–25). The text does not record their words; the point is the fact of their prophesying rather than the content. Most of the elders prophesy while ...
... a sign of wonder and trust: “Lord, I may not have the answer to this question, but I trust you, and I know that you know.” In these fourteen verses the Hebrew word ruah occurs no fewer than ten times. In verse 1 the word refers to the Spirit of the Lord, which transports and inspires Ezekiel. In verses 5–6 and 8–10 ruah is rendered (in the NIV) as “breath,” that is, the life-giving breath from the Lord. In verse 9 the plural of ruah occurs, designating the four “winds” of heaven. Finally, in ...
... , but they will find that they will go away staggering in utter defeat at God’s hands. Judah and Jerusalem are separated in verses 5–7. There is apparently some rift, or at least friction, between the two. Verse 7 seems to point to a spirit of elitism on the part of those in Jerusalem. Jerusalem will be a rock, apparently easy to deal with, but by God’s intervention a rock so heavy that the nations will injure themselves. Both the cup of reeling and the immovable stone metaphors graphically illustrate ...
... 10). A second round (4:11–15) turns on her misunderstanding: Jesus cannot supply water because he has no access to the well. But here at last Jesus’s clarification unfolds his meaning. His water ends all thirst and provides eternal life (4:14). It is the Spirit. (Compare this discourse with that on living bread in John 6:35–59.) Marvelously the woman asks to drink. In the next section Jesus’s focus is on true worship (4:16–26). When the light enters the darkness of the world, it necessarily brings ...
... his disciples his own mission. He sends them forth (20:21) in the same way the Father commissioned him (13:16, 20; 17:18). The basis of the church’s authority is that it bears the commission of Christ. Furthermore, they will bear the divine Spirit, ensuring their success. The authority over sins (20:23) also reflects Jesus’s ministry (3:19–20; 9:40–41). However, its meaning must be carefully understood. The judgment of Christ stemmed from his revelation of the light and the response of his listeners ...
... –23 for the assertion that believers cannot go on sinning). After a succinct introduction (7:1–6) he explains that, before their conversion, believers were ruled by sin and death (7:7–25). As the result of their being united with Christ, they are ruled by the Spirit of life, who helps them to live according to the will of God (8:1–17). 7:1–6 · Paul begins with a reference to the legal principle of Jewish law: the law is binding on a person only during the lifetime of that person; once the person ...
... reality of God’s perfect world. This means that, as believers live in hope, they wait patiently for the consummation (8:25). Believers are not alone, even though they live in a world darkened by sin, waiting for God’s future to arrive. They have God’s Spirit, who helps them in their weakness (8:26). Here, weakness is not the fact that believers can still be tempted by sin but the inability to pray as they should be praying. Since believers have not yet seen what they will inherit as co-heirs of Christ ...
... of Paul’s ministry to a consideration of its message. Paul presents it in terms of a comparison between the ministry that carried as its essence the written covenant “of the letter” (Exod. 24:3–8) and the ministry that proclaims the new covenant of the Spirit (the nature of the comparison suggests, as does 11:22, that the distress in the church at Corinth has come from some who pres-sured the whole of the church toward a strict allegiance to the law and customs of Judaism). The comparison does not ...
... in the world. As a community, the Philippians are to have the same love (2:2), meaning that they are to show the love of Christ, tenderness and compassion (2:1), both as individuals and as a community. As a community, they are to be one in spirit and purpose, meaning that there should be a definitive end to any factions and groups formed by personal interests. The cause of the church is never the cause of any one person but is the cause of Jesus Christ. While individuals could exhibit the characteristics of ...