... God. This section runs as far as 3:12. Dear friends is a rather insipid translation of agapētoi, a word embodying the love (agapē) of God. Peter addresses his readers as those who are bound (1:22) to one another and to him, not simply by natural affection but by their common sharing in God’s great love (agapē) for them as believers in Jesus Christ, God’s beloved (agapētos) Son (Mark 1:11). It is the working out of that divine love within them in their relationship toward others to which Peter now ...
... ): by his wounds you have been healed. Physical healing is certainly not excluded, as Matthew 8:17 shows by applying the Isaianic prophecy to the Lord’s healing ministry. But primarily Peter’s thought here is spiritual and refers to the healing of sin-affected souls, as his following sentence makes clear. 2:25 The shepherd/sheep image, used regularly in the OT for the relationship of God with his people, is taken up by nearly all the NT writers and applied to Christ and believers. Not surprisingly, with ...
... to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah was the rain of brimstone and fire, probably brought about by the igniting during an earthquake of the concentrated chemical deposits in the region (salt, potash, magnesium, calcium chloride, bromide) that give the Dead Sea its extraordinary buoyancy but fatally affect fish (Gen. 19:15–28). See IBD vol. 1, p. 372. 2:7 Lot, a righteous man: He is also so called in Wisd. of Sol. 10:6; 19:17. Distressed (kataponein): to wear down with toil or evil. The only other occurrence of ...
... people would never again, for example, need to place blood on the doorposts. This was the culmination of the Lord’s judgment of the “gods of Egypt” (v. 12). The fundamental experience of God’s creation of Israel as a people in the Passover-exodus experience affected the reckoning of the months of the year. This month is to be for you . . . the first month of your year. The name of this month is found later (13:4) and is associated with Abib/Nisan (earlier/Second Temple names of the month; Exod. 23 ...
... justice. The community was to hold violent persons responsible for the results of their actions, regardless of their social position (Num. 35:31; Lev. 19:15). Scripture views the malicious “spilling of blood” as an anti-creational act (a sin against the Creator) that affects even the earth (Gen. 4:10–12; Num. 35:33–34; Deut. 21:1–9). God’s law governed the “eye for an eye” principle, and the courts adjudicated it. The second response of the biblical community to unlawful death was the early ...
... .” Forgiveness does not remit all consequences (see also Plaut, The Torah, p. 663). He punishes (paqad) the children and their children for the sin (ʿawon) of the fathers to the third and fourth generation. The NIV translation here has several problems that affect interpretation. First, the translation of the neutral word paqad as “he punishes” is not helpful in this context. The root means “he visits” (see comment of the meaning of paqad at 33:34). In addition, it is not an indicative verb but a ...
... (lit. trouble). Stoning and burning him and his household and possessions seem harsh (7:25). Yet Joshua sums it up well when he asks: Why have you brought this trouble on us? The LORD will bring trouble on you today. Sin like Achan’s sin affects the entire body. Corporate guilt requires that the household share in Achan’s guilt and hence in his punishment. Executing the source of Israel’s sin disciplined and purged the people and enabled them to possess the land. A cancer is removed to preserve the ...
... not as long as others, the intensity was worse. The author goes into great detail, excessive detail, in these verses to describe the Israelites’ plight under Midianite hegemony and hyperbolizes every detail to emphasize the extremity of their suffering, which affected every area of their lives. The Israelites could no longer live in their homes but instead took shelter in mountain clefts, caves and strongholds (v. 2). The Midianites, along with the Amalekites and other eastern peoples, prevented them from ...
... the robbers to rob everyone who passed by, though the text implies that they did. If so, the irony increases, for the same people had paid Abimelech to gather around himself a coterie of hoodlums. The text does not specify why this action would have adversely affected Abimelech, but it likely siphoned off revenue money he would have received from travelers (cf. Hos. 6:9). 9:26–29 Soon even more trouble came to Abimelech in the person of Gaal son of Ebal who, along with his brothers, moved into town. The ...
Samson’s Vengeance on the Philistines: The saga continues with the conflict between Samson and the Philistines heating up and expanding to affect a larger number of people. Samson’s burning anger led him to some unusual and radical actions, which he justified as doing unto them what they had done to him (v. 11). There are also some surprising developments within the Israelite camp. Admittedly shocking is the role of the Judahites. ...
... B.C. Jerusalem with its temple and royal palace was destroyed, and a dismal village remained in its stead during the years of the exile. What might not be so well known among readers, however, is that the tribe of Benjamin was much less affected by the exile. We read in 2 Kings 25:22–26 that the Babylonians appointed Gedaliah as governor over those who remained behind in Judah. Gedaliah had his seat in Mizpah, a Benjaminite town. We know from archeological records (such as seal impressions) that Mizpah ...
... out in the realm of human history. Additional Notes 21:1–22:1 At this stage the reader should be reminded of the earlier discussion of Benjamin in 1 Chron. 10. During the exile the Benjaminite territory was less affected by the destruction, and Mizpah (as administrative center) and Gibeon (as cultic center) gained significant influence. After the exile, when Jerusalem was reestablished as political and cultic center, some rivalry arose between Jerusalem and these Benjaminite towns. The Chronicler’s ...
... to pray for Babylon (Jer. 29:7), while in turn Christian readers recall 1 Timothy 2:1–2. The temple was both a “house of sacrifice” (2 Chr. 7:12, NRSV) and a “house of prayer” (Isa. 56:7). The edict is enforced by a penalty clause affecting the person and property of offenders. 6:13–15 The narrator deduced, from Tattenai’s letter and from Darius’ reply with its generous updating of Cyrus’ decree, the positive sequel in verse 13 and the continuation of the good work of 5:8b. He reminded his ...
... or “in the capacity of”) followed by a hendiadys, “knowledgeable advice.” 22:21 The verse is overloaded. It is better to eliminate Hb. qšṭ (truth) as a gloss on the first ʾ e met, than to omit the second occurrence of ʾ e met. These changes do not affect the general meaning. 23:4–5 Verse 4b is lit. “from your wisdom (i.e., using the wisdom you have), desist.” The Kethib of v. 5a is: “Will your eyes flee to it (presumably the riches), it is gone.” The Qere has: “Will you cause your ...
... bed and resolves to scour the city streets and squares to find him. There is an urgency to her quest that is not foreshadowed earlier in the text, except perhaps in the adjuration of 2:7 and parallels. The lovers had been secure enough in their affection to simply play hide-and-seek games. Nor has anything in the preceding chapters prepared us for the idea that a city is a reasonable place to search for the man, who is elsewhere connected with pastoral and mountainside locations. In fact, if 2:17 provides ...
... Each has its twin; / not one of them is alone: The NIV’s translation is preferable to the common translation “each bearing twins” and “none barren.” The literal implication is that the woman has no teeth missing and that they are well placed; the affective impact of the verse is of freshness, bounty, and symmetry. 4:4 Your neck is like the tower of David, / built with elegance: This is one of the more difficult images, but probably describes a confident woman, one who holds her head high. The word ...
... after winter. The point is that God is watching over his word. He will accomplish it. This oracle serves as a warning to God’s people who hear of God’s coming judgment on their sin, but doubt that he has the will or the ability to affect it. The second of the two opening oracles is introduced in verse 13 again by the divine question: What do you see? Jeremiah responds that he sees a boiling pot, tilting away from the north. God then interprets the vision for the prophet by warning him that disaster ...
... speaking through them, he tells the people by means of a rhetorical question (v. 18) that these prophets have never sat in on the divine council. This reference to the divine council refers to the place where God meets with his angelic hosts in order to affect the future. Prophets hear the word of the Lord by attending these meetings. A remarkable illustration of this may be found in Isaiah 6, where that prophet is translated to the heavenly realms to appear in the very council chamber of God. In verse 19 ...
... his covenant relationship with his people as expressed in his announcement that he will be their God and they will be his people (see also 30:22). Interestingly, he refers to all the clans (or families) of Israel as the object of his covenant affection. In one sense, this reference is a variant of the phrase “all the people of Israel” or “all the tribes of Israel,” but it is also an acknowledgement of the family structure in Israel. As verse 6 makes clear, this oracle envisions the restoration ...
... NIV renders the first colon of v. 18 So I say, “My splendor is gone.” There is a debate over the exact translation of the word “splendor,” a better rendition is “everlastingness.” That is, Judah, because of its sins, has forfeited the longlasting affection that God has demonstrated toward his people. Thus, their hope of a good relationship with God and the concomitant prosperity were also gone. 3:19–21 Zayin. The seventh stanza continues the lament, but in the last parallel line begins a shift ...
... work in its vicinity. With the destruction of the city government, all bets are off and these nomadic elements could prey on those who go out to work the fields. The city’s ruined walls no longer keep them out. 5:10 The fall of the city has affected the health of the people as well. Hygiene and sanitation would not function as usual; disease could spread. Thus, the people grow feverish. A lack of food is specifically named as a cause of the bad condition of the people (feverish from hunger). 5:11–14 The ...
... cascade” through Israel’s daily life like a mighty river; God does not expect them to dry up like some desert wadi that runs full only during the rainy season, verse 24. In short, what we do in our relations with our fellow human beings always affects our relations with God, and we cannot love God if we do not also love our neighbor: the first and the second great commandments are inextricably joined (Mark 12:28–31 and parallel), and from beginning to end, the Scriptures affirm that joining. (See, e.g ...
... that shares in life with God and with humanity. On some occasions, then, it joins in praise of what Yahweh does, but here it trembles with horror at what it sees, and its trembling is marked by phenomena such as thunder and storm. This dismay and terror affect the two main parts of the cosmos, the heavens and the earth, and the two main parts of the world itself, the sea and the dry land. What causes their shaking? They are apparently reacting to Yahweh’s shaking all the nations, making them tremble (v. 7 ...
... the ones who are eating and drinking? We can interpret the point of this tautology two ways. If the eater eats for his or her own good, then he or she may abstain from eating for God. Or, just as eating benefits the eater, so fasting affects only the one who abstains. The Law is very concerned with what Israel eats and does not eat. Both forbidden foods and required feasts set the holy people apart from other peoples. This book’s eschatology is also concerned with these matters. Non-Israelites who become ...
... be: The NIV follows the suggestion of BHS to read the final word in v. 4, yakhdaw, as part of v. 5. The first verb in v. 5 is also emended slightly for this reading, from wehayu to yihyu. The placement of yakhdaw “together” does not significantly affect the meaning of these verses. The NIV margin maintains the MT verse division. A Taunt Song against Arrogant Powers (11:1-3): 11:1–3 This taunt song warns the trees of the bordering lands on the north and east about destruction and wailing. Readers may ...