... else they may have had). In the case of Luke, reference to Peter’s cursing and swearing (Matt. 26:74; Mark 14:71) was perhaps omitted (Luke 22:60) out of respect for the apostle and out of a desire to present him in a better light, especially in view of his coming role of prominence in Acts. Also, Luke’s shift from a “female servant” to a “man” in the second denial (cf. Luke 22:58 with Matt. 26:71 and Mark 14:69) allows the evangelist to confirm the accuracy of the report of the denials by ...
... . He arrived as a prisoner in chains, and our chief source for these matters, the book of Acts, closes with his awaiting trial under Caesar in Rome. Whether Paul ever made it to Spain we do not know. The NT leaves no record that he did. The traditional view is that Paul died at the hands of Nero shortly after the end of the narrative of Acts (ca. A.D. 62). There is, however, at least one brief though tantalizing piece of evidence that Paul may have fulfilled his goal of reaching Spain. The early record of ...
... the significance of the stones in his visions by their function within his world. Two common uses in particular probably informed John’s interpretation of the visionary stones. Stones were sometimes used as tickets for admission to public events. Perhaps John viewed the stones held by overcomers as admission tickets to Christ’s victory feast (cf. 19:17–18). Especially if the interpreter decides that the new name written on it belongs to Christ, then the white stone probably has this significance for ...
... was the Judahite among the spies. He says that the people should proceed with confidence of conquest. Caleb stands alone, but his view—we can certainly do it—is based on the large force which is Israel, 600,000 soldiers, and the preparation of the camp ... in Numbers 1–10. The other spies quickly take exception to Caleb’s view: We can’t attack those people; they are stronger than we are. All are agreed that the land is desirable. Caleb says Israel ...
... ,” is a comprehensive term indicating gifts given to God, here with the pronominal suffix. The offerings’ tie to God is strong in the language of this verse. Food (lekhem) is an ancient term for sacrifice, probably a vestige of the view that sacrifice was food for the gods. That view does not seem to be present in the OT, but the language remains. As we have seen, offerings made by fire may refer to a more general “gift.” The sacrifice as an aroma pleasing to me is also ancient language describing ...
... ,” is a comprehensive term indicating gifts given to God, here with the pronominal suffix. The offerings’ tie to God is strong in the language of this verse. Food (lekhem) is an ancient term for sacrifice, probably a vestige of the view that sacrifice was food for the gods. That view does not seem to be present in the OT, but the language remains. As we have seen, offerings made by fire may refer to a more general “gift.” The sacrifice as an aroma pleasing to me is also ancient language describing ...
... ,” is a comprehensive term indicating gifts given to God, here with the pronominal suffix. The offerings’ tie to God is strong in the language of this verse. Food (lekhem) is an ancient term for sacrifice, probably a vestige of the view that sacrifice was food for the gods. That view does not seem to be present in the OT, but the language remains. As we have seen, offerings made by fire may refer to a more general “gift.” The sacrifice as an aroma pleasing to me is also ancient language describing ...
... of extended family or household. The land is God’s and a gift to the people. In a sense they are renting it or managing it on behalf of the divine owner, and the Sabbath and Jubilee customs give explicit practical shape to that view. 25:25–28 These verses explain further the practice of redemption, already mentioned in verse 24. The setting envisioned is that an Israelite has fallen into difficulty or been brought low by circumstances, becomes poor, and sells some property. The nearest relative is to ...
... A disaster of major proportions is at hand, when corpses lie unburied in unclean places, in contact with idols. The term in verse 30 for incense “altars” (khamman) is an odd and rare word, but some association with idolatry appears to be in view. The picture of this fifth calamity is particularly abhorrent. The consequence in verse 31 is especially striking in the context of Leviticus. So much of Leviticus is given to producing a pleasing aroma of your offerings, to the functioning of the sanctuary, and ...
... Abner was shocked horror. Joab saw Abner as his enemy. The rivalry of two skilled generals had been exacerbated by Abner’s having killed Joab’s brother Asahel. Joab could not envisage that anyone whom he viewed with such enmity could be seeking peace (v. 25). Joab appears to have viewed conquest in war as the only secure way of obtaining or reclaiming territory. He was extremely suspicious of any kind of diplomatic compromise, although he was a skilled negotiator or at least a skilled manipulator of ...
... Abner was shocked horror. Joab saw Abner as his enemy. The rivalry of two skilled generals had been exacerbated by Abner’s having killed Joab’s brother Asahel. Joab could not envisage that anyone whom he viewed with such enmity could be seeking peace (v. 25). Joab appears to have viewed conquest in war as the only secure way of obtaining or reclaiming territory. He was extremely suspicious of any kind of diplomatic compromise, although he was a skilled negotiator or at least a skilled manipulator of ...
... king, may indicate his fear that some informant would let the king know but more probably indicates a popular superstitious view of David as having access to supernatural knowledge (cf. chs. 19–20). 18:14 The significance of the three javelins (� ... Ittai the Gittite. However, it is more probable that he was a slave. 18:28–29 Brueggemann (First and Second Samuel, p. 322) views Ahimaaz as “blurting out” the news of victory and then exhibiting cowardice as he fails to give David the news of Absalom’s ...
... , particularly in the light of the parallel in Chronicles, where Satan incites David. Are we to understand that God causes David to take action that is against God’s will and for which David and the nation will be punished? If so, then God is to be viewed as the tempter, something that James 1:13 suggests is not possible. One way of reconciling this is to see God as allowing and overruling while Satan tempts. Another approach is to see David as God’s tool used to punish Israel. This would explain why ...
... and either came to pass in history, perhaps some time after Antiochus IV, or will come to pass at the end of time with relation to some future Antichrist or tyrant who will persecute the faithful followers of God or Jesus Christ. The problems with this view are that it does not fit any known history and that there is no indication the author is talking about someone other than Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Furthermore, there is no clue that he jumps to the distant future. Some claim that the beginning of verse 40 ...
... contempt” by the survivors (e.g., Hartman and Di Lella, Daniel, p. 297; Lacocque, Daniel, pp. 243–44). An argument for this view is the use of the word “contempt,” which is only found in one other place in the Hebrew Scriptures, where it refers ... knowledge will indeed increase, because people will have access to this vital source of truth. This is a more upbeat point of view that actually clashes with the harsh judgment of Amos (Seow, Daniel, pp. 189–90). The above two explanations are based on the ...
... misunderstanding of Jesus’ last words to Judas, What you are about to do, do quickly (v. 27). The statement that No one at the meal understood why Jesus said this to him (v. 28) gives evidence of being written from the beloved disciple’s point of view. The narrator seems, by making him the observer, to exclude the beloved disciple from the generalization that no one at the table knew what was going on. The narrator sees the action through the beloved disciple’s eyes. Though this does not prove the two ...
... has over matters of justice and human life, but of his own mission in particular and of the specific plan by which the Father has chosen to “glorify” his only Son. It is clear that Jesus does not view Caiaphas (the one who handed me over to you) or the Jewish authorities in quite the same way he views Pilate. Jesus does not hesitate to judge both Caiaphas and Pilate guilty of sin (cf. 9:41; 15:22), but he pronounces Caiaphas, and those he represents, guilty of a greater sin (v. 11b). The reason is not ...
... reader, for whom actions contemporaneous with the time of writing will be past” (An Idiom-Book of New Testament Greek [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968], p. 12). Whether or not Paul uses the epistolary aorist in 2 Cor. 8, 9 and 12 depends on whether one views the letter as an original unity or as a composite of several letter fragments. Cf. K. L. McKay, “Observations on the Epistolary Aorist in 2 Corinthians,” NovT 37 (1995), pp. 154–58. 8:20–21 We may note that the temple tax was often ...
... Jesus in John’s Gospel see Colin G. Kruse, “Apostle,” DJG, pp. 27–33 (here p. 30). It may seem strange that Paul would cite the law (Deut. 19:15) in order to support the necessity of his third visit. This illustrates the apostle’s highly complex view of the law. On the one hand, the law kills, and no one should seek to be “under the law.” On the other hand, the law is holy, just, and good, and Paul appeals to it as an authoritative source of regulations for conducting one’s life, including ...
James 5:1-6, James 4:13-17, James 5:7-12, James 5:13-20
Understanding Series
Peter H. Davids
... in James. The theme is close to James, but there are no verbal parallels to prove literary dependence. Much of the tradition sounds as if murder of the poor were involved. Many of these passages are poetic (e.g., Ps. 10) and may give God’s view of a matter that the people saw differently. Some poor suffered like Naboth (1 Kings 21), but far more suffered from legal confiscation of goods (as in Isa. 3), which only God saw as unjust and immoral. This was frequently termed “murder” in Jewish tradition (e ...
James 5:7-12, James 4:13-17, James 5:1-6, James 5:13-20
Understanding Series
Peter H. Davids
... in James. The theme is close to James, but there are no verbal parallels to prove literary dependence. Much of the tradition sounds as if murder of the poor were involved. Many of these passages are poetic (e.g., Ps. 10) and may give God’s view of a matter that the people saw differently. Some poor suffered like Naboth (1 Kings 21), but far more suffered from legal confiscation of goods (as in Isa. 3), which only God saw as unjust and immoral. This was frequently termed “murder” in Jewish tradition (e ...
James 5:13-20, James 4:13-17, James 5:1-6, James 5:7-12
Understanding Series
Peter H. Davids
... in James. The theme is close to James, but there are no verbal parallels to prove literary dependence. Much of the tradition sounds as if murder of the poor were involved. Many of these passages are poetic (e.g., Ps. 10) and may give God’s view of a matter that the people saw differently. Some poor suffered like Naboth (1 Kings 21), but far more suffered from legal confiscation of goods (as in Isa. 3), which only God saw as unjust and immoral. This was frequently termed “murder” in Jewish tradition (e ...
... the hearts of believers (Phil. 4:7). Salvation (sōtēria) recurs in 1:9, 10; 2:2; the related verb (sōzein, to save, heal, make whole) in 3:21; 4:18; and the compound diasōzein (to save through) in 3:20. In the NT salvation is viewed as past, present, and future. The past salvation “saved,” Eph. 2:5; 1 Pet. 3:20) looks back to the moment when a Christian first believed in the Lord Jesus Christ as Savior and received forgiveness of sins. The present salvation (“being saved,” 1 Cor. 1:18) concerns ...
... . Discipline in the Christian life is just as essential as in any other walk of life where success depends upon a determined single-minded commitment. Besides admonishing his readers of the need for single-mindedness and discipline in their daily lives, Peter tells them how to view the future. Set your hope fully on the grace to be given you when Jesus Christ is revealed. One particular plus of the Christian life is hope—in the rich and solid sense of that term in the NT—which Peter has in effect been ...
... terms of a mutual partnership may appear unremarkable to modern Western minds, but this Christian teaching broke upon the ancient world as a novelty. Women had few legal rights. We might have assumed that Jewish husbands would have a more enlightened attitude toward marriage in view of centuries of living as the people of God with all their opportunities of revealed truth. Yet in Jewish law a woman was deemed to be a thing. A man owned sheep and cattle—and his wife. She could not leave him, but he could ...