... taken away from them, they needed to have peace preached to them no less than the outsiders did (Eph. 2:17). Both Gentile and Jew have access to the Father, the goal of all human striving, only through Christ and by the same Spirit. Contrary to all expectation, God views the entire human race as one and deals with it all at one time, by grace, in one person. In verse 19 Paul sums up: the Gentile Christians are no longer shut out from the family of God. They have been given a place within the ring. In fact ...
... put on the new self, to walk in newness. 5:1–6 · Therefore walk in love: Were it not for the intrusion of the phrase “therefore . . . walk” in 5:1–2, it would be natural to assume an unbroken connection between 4:32 and 5:1–2, in view of their shared emphasis on imitating God. The break, however, introduces a third way of walking, or perhaps a second way of promoting the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace (4:3). Paul now directs readers to imitate God as children imitate their parents (5:1 ...
... eternal and essential dignity as the Son of God but as the mediator, the “man Christ Jesus” (1 Tim. 2:5), who by his humiliation became superior to the angels (Heb. 2:9). The fact that the author has the incarnate Son of God (1:5) in view helps in understanding Psalm 2:7, the first of the seven citations from Scripture, which figures prominently in the New Testament as a prophecy of the incarnation, the messianic ministry, and especially the resurrection (Mark 1:11; Luke 1:32; Acts 13:33; Heb. 5:5; cf ...
... further develops the rationale for the incarnation. Because Christ’s purpose was to “help” (literally “take hold of”; the same Greek word occurs in Heb. 8:9) the people of God rather than angels, he had to become a man. Abraham’s descendants are characteristically viewed as a spiritual rather than a racial entity—the elect of God (Rom. 9:6; 11:1–8; Gal. 3:29). There are elect angels (1 Tim. 5:21), but God’s grace toward humankind is far more excellent than his grace to such angels, as ...
... Christ himself. Christ was building the house in which Moses was a servant, and Moses gladly bore his master’s reproach in confident expectation of his eternal glory. “He left Egypt” (11:27) probably refers to Moses’s flight to Midian, which is viewed as an act of discretion, not panic (Exod. 2:14–15), and his forty-year sojourn there as a time of patient waiting for the Lord’s call. Time after time Israel’s deliverance was accomplished in defiance of seemingly insurmountable obstacles, when ...
... grow into really good people. We need not think of it every day or every hour. But when the path of life leads us to some vantage point where the scene around us fades away and we contemplate the distant view right to the end, let us not close our eyes. Let us pause for a moment, look at the distant view, and then carry on. Thinking about death in this way produces love for life. When we are familiar with death we accept each week, each day, as a gift. Only if we are able to accept life—bit by bit ...
... character. They are an integral part of his covenantal relationship and therefore are affected by human obedience. The doctrine of rewards was sometimes misunderstood to imply automatic material return for righteous acts and inevitable suffering for sin. 6:2 Hypocrites: For a milder view, see Albright-Mann (pp. cxv–cxxiii). They translate hypokritēs as “overscrupulous” and say that “nothing can justify the continued use of the word ‘hypocrite’ in our English versions” (p. 73). Give: Rabbinic ...
... to lay aside our critical faculties but rather to resist the urge to speak harshly of others. The issue is serious in that God will judge us by the same standard we apply to others. This rather frightening truth should change the way in which we tend to view other people’s failings. Verses 3–5 present the ludicrous picture of someone with a long beam or rafter (MM refer to dokoi as heavy beams used in the building of the temple, p. 168) protruding from his eye trying to extract a tiny chip of dried wood ...
... he could restore the paralyzed man to health, he said, Take heart, son; your sins are forgiven. In the ancient world there was a widespread belief that sickness was the result of sin. Barclay cites Rabbi Chija ben Abba as representative of this point of view: “No sick person is cured from sickness, until all his sins are forgiven him” (vol. 1, p. 327). In John 9 Jesus’ disciples ask concerning the blind man, “who sinned, this man or his parents, that he was born blind?” (v. 2). Note that Jesus ...
... to do away completely with Jesus. The Pharisees were beginning to realize that not only was their prestige at stake but also their basic understanding of true religion. The freedom with which Jesus acted was a serious threat to their traditional point of view. What they could not grasp was that freedom from ritual commandment need not lead to moral chaos but within the kingdom of God imposes a responsibility far greater than any law could demand. Jesus’ person was so authoritative and his reasoning so ...
... about the blind leading the blind occurs in another context in Luke 6:39). The disciples’ question (Do you know that the Pharisees were offended when they heard this?) would imply that the Pharisees understood Jesus’ statement in verse 11, which seems strange in view of Peter’s asking for an explanation in verse 15. No difficulty exists, however, if verses 12–14 are taken as an editorial insertion and if what offends the Pharisees is Jesus’ rebuke of their casuistry in setting aside God’s law by ...
... in Matthew comes intact from the lips of Jesus will be judged differently by various scholars, depending upon their view of the nature of Gospel literature. Interpretations of the parable will vary accordingly. Hill admits that there are “quite ... burning of the city to be a reference to the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 under Titus (however, see Gundry for the view that it is a dramatic figure drawn from Isaiah’s prediction of a past destruction, p. 437). 22:9 Street corners: Hill thinks that ...
... . hyioi, “sons”) of those who murdered the prophets (v. 31) are those who have inherited their evil nature. To admit the relationship is to accept the guilt. The charge to fill up then what their ancestors started (v. 32) reflects the Jewish view that the judgment of God comes only after people have sunk to the depths of sinfulness. Jesus’ most scathing denunciation is found in verse 33: You snakes! (Gk. opheis); You brood of vipers! (Gk. gennēmata echidnōn, probably poisonous). The epithet recalls ...
... where the rights of babies to have healthful food begin. Because most of us see things only from our own point of view there are laws protecting the general welfare, and good citizens need to respect those laws, even when it is personally distasteful. Another ... of its citizens is responsible involvement in making things better. When heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis was asked why, in view of American discrimination against blacks, he was happy to serve in the United States Army during World War II he ...
... of this kind of deed. The theme of Jesus’ expulsion of evil spirits, or demons, from people is certainly a major part of Mark’s story. We shall encounter numerous examples of this theme in subsequent episodes, and so the reader is here prepared to view Jesus’ ministry as an attack upon these evil powers. We see in this that the “kingdom of God” that Jesus announces in verse 15 involves the deliverance from demonic forces of people like the man in this episode. This gives to the phrase “kingdom ...
... the Gospels. The evidence and arguments involved in this scholarly controversy are complex and require familiarity with several ancient languages and numerous documents not widely known among the general readers of the Bible (see the notes on v. 10). In what follows I shall offer a view built upon a study of the wider evidence and arguments referred to above, but in the present discussion we shall give our attention to the use of the term as we meet it in the Gospel of Mark. As shown in the notes below, the ...
... by the fact that Jesus proclaimed the near arrival of the kingdom of God, the day of salvation, but was not showing what his critics regarded as proper preparation by mourning over its delay. Jesus’ response (2:19–22) indicates that he shared neither their view that the kingdom of God would not come until Israel was ready for it nor their understanding of the present as a time for mourning in the absence of the kingdom. His image of a wedding, complete with guests and a bridegroom, a joyous, exuberant ...
... 17, 18–22, 23–28; 7:1–23). The demand for a sign therefore arises in the context of a strong disagreement about the will of God. In Jewish rabbinical tradition there are examples of rabbis appealing to God for a sign to authenticate their view in a dispute about the interpretation of religious laws. A sign: What is requested may have been something more spectacular than healings and exorcisms, the sort of thing others in the ancient world claimed to do. In 13:21–23, Jesus warns the disciples about ...
... ’ limited perception and their need for a fuller understanding of the meaning of Jesus’ mission. Additional Notes 8:22 Bethsaida: On the location of this town, see the note on 6:45. In a few ancient manuscripts we read “Bethany” instead, but this is to be disregarded in view of the strong support for the reading Bethsaida. Mark calls the place a village (vv. 23, 26), but we should think of a town of a few thousand people in the time of Jesus. 8:23 When he had spit on the man’s eyes: On the ancient ...
... Judea, A.D. 41–44, who was the client ruler for the Romans). 13:14 “The abomination that causes desolation” standing where it does not belong: In Greek this term is neuter, and it is unclear Mark whether it is a person or an event that is in view. The term abomination that causes desolation (from Dan. 9:27; 11:31; 12:11) was used to represent the Jewish attitude toward the idea of the destruction or profanation of the temple, an attitude no doubt shared by the Twelve but perhaps not so familiar to the ...
... on their behalf. In Mark, the release of Barabbas fits in with the overall ironic treatment of the execution of Jesus as well. Jesus is accused of being a revolutionary, a pretender to the kingship of the Jews (15:2–3), a false charge in Mark’s view (see discussion of 15:1–5). Barabbas, who is described as a revolutionary (15:7) and a murderer, is released, whereas Jesus is executed on the basis of the false charge against him, a charge much more fitting for the man who gets away. The custom mentioned ...
... the Holy Spirit during his successful encounter with the devil (4:1), and his own announcement at Nazareth that the Holy Spirit was upon him (4:18). Whereas the people were amazed, Luke has given his readers enough insight so that they are hardly surprised: In view of Jesus’ preparation why should such awesome power amaze anyone? Additional Notes 4:31 Capernaum (meaning “City of Nahum”) was referred to in the Nazareth sermon (see 4:16–30) and is mentioned again in 7:1 and 10:15. It was a town in ...
... that Luke utilized this Gospel as one of his major sources, one can appreciate the special effort this evangelist has undertaken in rehabilitating Peter. Although probably not the only reason, it would seem likely that Luke desired to portray Peter as positively as possible in view of his future prominence in the early church, as can be seen in Acts 1–11. Luke’s special interest in Simon Peter is seen in the miraculous catch of fish. When Jesus desired to board one of the boats so that he could address ...
... what sense he was a “zealot” is difficult to say. It would probably be anachronistic to associate Simon with the “zealots” who banded together a few decades later to fight Rome (A.D. 66–70). The epithet may have had nothing to do with political views but with personal piety and zeal. Judas son of James: The name is the Greek form of the Hebrew name “Judah” meaning “praised.” Nothing is known of this Judas, although in John 14:22 he is probably the “Judas (not Iscariot)” who asks Jesus ...
... woman with the hemorrhage (vv. 43–48). In the Lucan context these miracles, together with the preceding episode (the stilling of the storm, vv. 22–25), represent all four types of Jesus’ miracles: (1) exorcism, (2) healing, (3) resuscitation, and (4) nature miracle. In view of the transitional nature of Luke 9 (see commentary on 9:1–9), it may be that Luke provides his readers with this sampling of miracles as a way of rounding off Jesus’ Galilean ministry. 8:26–39 Like Matthew (8:28–34), Luke ...