... and teaching in the temple have thrown down the gauntlet to the religious authorities of Jerusalem (19:45–48). Now they take up the challenge, and the rest of chapter 20 will continue the public confrontation. While the authorities remain hostile, the larger crowd in the court of the Gentiles remains at least potentially open to Jesus’s appeal. It is only when they are able to detach Jesus from his popular support that the authorities will be able to carry out their plan to silence him, in chapters 22 ...
... 25:5–6). There are only two examples of this law being applied in the Old Testament (Gen. 38:6–11; Ruth 4:5–10), in both of which the surviving relative proves reluctant. But a large body of rabbinic legislation on the subject shows that the law remained in force, at least in theory. The imaginary story of a woman’s seven marriages may be loosely based on a story from the apocryphal book of Tobit, where a woman, Sarah, marries seven husbands in turn but each is killed by a demon before the marriage ...
... leaders with their supporting crowd. 23:25 surrendered Jesus to their will. Luke does not actually say that Pilate pronounced the death penalty, but in context that is all that “to their will” can mean. For all his formal authority, Pilate remains a reluctant accomplice in an execution already determined by the Jewish leaders. It will be, necessarily, a Roman execution, but it is what the Jewish leaders wanted. The suggestion of some commentators that Luke depicts the Jews as themselves carrying out ...
... to their land, they were still in exile, being under Roman occupation and, worse, alienated from God himself (2:24). 4. (Christian) Gentiles (see discussion of 2:25–29 below) are participants of the new covenant, while (non-Christian) Jews remain in the old, ineffective covenant. 5. The aforementioned suggestion, which I support, that robbing temples was the sacrilege of obsessing over the Torah so that it itself became idolatrous (2:22) is obviously ironic. Such irony would be heightened for Paul ...
... Christ alone). Weakness: But Paul says that the Old Testament teaches salvation by faith apart from legalism (see Rom. 3:21; 4:1-23) 2. Covenantal Nomism Explanation: The Old Testament does not teach legalism; rather, it teaches that one entered the covenant by faith and remained in the covenant by obeying the law. Weakness: But Paul declares that the old covenant / Mosaic system was based on legalism (see Rom. 2:1—3:20; 7:1-13; 8:1-4; 9:30—10:5). And covenantal nomism is still legalistic because it is ...
... Romans 9:1–5. First, we learn from Paul’s love for Israel that there should be no anti-Jewish attitude among Christians. The children of Israel were God’s chosen people, and the Savior was Jewish. Second, nevertheless the curses of the covenant remain on Israel until such time as they receive Jesus as the Messiah. Third, the blessings of the new covenant now rest on the church. Christians are the children of God; they possess the glory of God within; they are participants of the Abrahamic, Davidic ...
... who do not attempt to be justified by the works of the law but rather place their faith in Christ alone (Gentile believers) are currently experiencing the Deuteronomic blessings, while those who attempt to be saved through adherence to the Torah (non-Christian Jews) remain under the Deuteronomic curses. This ironic contrast surfaces when one observes the parallels in 9:30–10:4: A The acquisition of righteousness (9:30) B Israel’s failure to obey the law (9:31) C Israel’s misunderstanding of the law (9 ...
... their place of service. The same is true today. It makes no difference for the gospel that a church or a ministry is American or African, rich or poor. Nor is it significant to be a pastor or a member of a particularly prominent or influential church. The focus must remain on the will of God, the gospel of Christ, and the Christlikeness of the believers. 3. Holiness is a life that flows from a relationship with Jesus. It is not a list of acts to do or avoid any more than a marriage can be reduced to a set ...
... an issue of grave concern for Diaspora Jews.6Since everything belongs to the Lord, Paul argues (10:26), Christians do not have to inquire whether or not the meat came from a pagan temple. 10:27–30 If an unbeliever invites you . . . eat. Paul’s concern remains on the Christian testimony. When Christ followers are invited to a private dinner in the home of an unbeliever, the question of the meat’s origin is moot. They are not bound by Jewish food laws and are free to eat. “This has been offered in ...
... the outrageous expressions described by Paul may have become subdued. Still, Paul’s call to a community life in which everyone comes to the Lord’s table as a servant of the One who invited them and called them to give their lives for others remains pertinent. Contrary to the patrons who used their dinner invitations to show favoritism, Christ shows no favoritism in the invitation to sit around his table (cf. Luke 22:25–27; 7:36–39, 44–46; James 2:3). The very act of considering the socioeconomic ...
... Christ’s work on the cross. Believers’ faith is empty and meaningless (15:14, 17), and their sins continue to define their life and identity. Both the living and the dead are affected by the resurrection. If resurrection does not occur, the living remain in sin (15:17) with no hope of ever experiencing anything different (15:19). The Christians who have already died “are lost”; that is, they have simply faced destruction (apollymi). Sin and death have won (15:54–56); believers who are hoping for ...
... well-being that it brings. from him who is, and who was, and who is to come, and from the seven spirits before his throne, and from Jesus Christ. The Triune God—Father, Son, and Spirit—is the source of grace and peace, the very qualities needed to remain faithful. God the Father is the “I am who I am” of Exodus 3:14 (cf. Rev. 1:8, 17; 2:23; 21:6; 22:16). John violates standard grammatical usage (a solecism) here by placing the nominative after a preposition, which normally takes the genitive (apo ho ...
... Testament scholar Craig Keener writes, Judgments have already come to seize our attention; but surely greater judgments lie in store. Those who study both Scripture and the moral state of secular society can hardly think otherwise, though in our day, as in Jeremiah’s, there will surely remain false prophets of peace merely telling people what they wish to hear (Jer. 6:14; 8:11; 14:13; 23:17; Ezek. 13:16; Mic. 3:5; 2 Tim. 4:3–4).6 2. God hears the cries of his people for justice and deliverance. The fire ...
... of the sixth trumpet also affirms the depths and deadliness of human sin. Idol worship is, in reality, demon worship, and these evil spirits are intent on destroying their own followers. In spite of repeated invitations to repent and find life, sinful humanity remains hostile to God and his people. God’s judgments are just. Teaching the Text In many ways, this passage reflects the character of God as both loving and holy, compassionate and righteous, and serves as a warning to believers not to be deceived ...
... lived out. Judgment is God’s business. We make judgments to be sure, but we dare not set ourselves up as Judge, since God alone decides a person’s eternal destiny (Matt. 10:28). Our job is to entrust ourselves and our circumstances to God and to remain faithful to Jesus in spite of the suffering (Rev. 12:11). When it comes to judgment especially, it seems crucial not to confuse God’s role with our role. This passage offers an opportunity to teach on the reality of hell and the coming judgment, as well ...
... sign” of the dragon in 12:3). This “great and marvelous” sign consists of the seven bowl judgments, which complete the wrath of God. These are the “last” plagues in the sense that they complete God’s warnings to an unrepentant world; all that remains is the final judgment.2They are also the third set of seven judgments, thereby signaling the completion of God’s wrath. As with the seals (5:1–2) and the trumpets (8:2), the bowl judgments are also introduced with a heavenly scene, showing ...
... thrones (interpreted as all believers) will be given authority to judge and will also reign with Christ. While the details remain a mystery, we know for certain that believers will in some way participate with God in judging and ruling. This ... and eternal death). Although a compromising lifestyle may rattle our assurance of belonging to God, those who are genuine believers remain eternally secure. We are citizens of God’s beloved city, safe and secure. Theologically, Psalm 46 provides a remarkable parallel ...
... served (and serves) a similar function. It helped people recognize and understand the problem of sin. It helped those who lived under the law to grasp where and when it arose and how serious it really was. We should not assume that “secret sins” will remain so forever. Quote: In his Poor Richard’s Almanac, Benjamin Franklin cynically quipped, “Three can keep a secret, if two of them are dead.” We must remember that there is always a witness to our secret thoughts and deeds. Object Lesson: Using an ...
... sons of Aaron have been taught a formulation by which they can seek God’s blessing on the people (Num. 6:22–27). Thus in this context Israel is almost set to use the tabernacle fully for worship. However, Numbers 7 covers some things that remain before that can happen. Specifically, gifts must be received from the tribal leaders for the worship (Num. 7), and the Levites (as opposed to the priests) must be consecrated (Num. 8). Only then will the tabernacle worship be fully operational. In the midst of ...
... instead of Aaron because Aaron as high priest must take special care to avoid ceremonial corpse contamination (see Lev. 21:10–12). the censers are holy. Despite the sinful motives of the 250 who have died, the censers are not defiled beyond use and remain dedicated to God. 16:38 overlay the altar. This overlay on the bronze altar reinforces its initial overlay (see Exod. 38:2). This serves to teach Israel that only a descendant of Aaron has permission to burn incense before Yahweh (v. 40). This command ...
... 34:16–29 one leader from each tribe. These verses list ten new tribal leaders who will apportion the land once it is taken. No leader for Reuben and Gad is listed, since their land is already assigned (see vv. 13–15 above). Only Caleb remains from the old generation that left Egypt. The use of “El” and the lack of “Yahweh” in these names indicate that they are ancient (like names in Num. 1). Later, most Israelite names become Yahwistic. For other information on these leaders and their names ...
... city is situated near the border of the north and south (Judah).4 The city also symbolizes David’s military prowess and intention to carry out the Lord’s ancient command to defeat Israel’s enemies. After all, he has uprooted a people that remained entrenched in the city and defied Israel since the time of the original conquest of the land. 5:10 because the Lord God Almighty was with him. This divine title (a variation on the traditional “Lord of Hosts”) highlights the Lord’s sovereignty and ...
... sinful act, he then becomes obsessed with retaining his power and image at all costs, much like Saul before him. One crime leads to another as his sin snowballs. As we will see in chapter 12, he even becomes calloused to his sin, though he remains quite capable of self-righteously denouncing sin in others. In short, David’s tragic collapse illustrates vividly the truth of James 1:14–15: temptation prompts desire, which gives birth to sin, which produces death. As we will see with David, only the mercy ...
... march with his army to Jerusalem, David has hastily left the city and was forced once more to run for his life. In this crisis David has submitted to God’s sovereign will, but he also has prayed and wisely enlisted the support of those who remained loyal to him. In this next section we see his reliance on the Lord vindicated. As Abigail earlier did (1 Sam. 25:18), now Ziba brings provisions for David, and, in the face of hostile opposition from Shimei, a relative of Saul, David again places his destiny ...
... the royal court. This is the second such insert in the narrative (see 8:16–18). There are two striking features of this second list when compared to the first: (1) Despite Joab’s bloody deeds and temporary demotion, when all is said and done, he remains in charge of David’s army, a testimony to the king’s failure to implement justice, especially when close family members are involved. (2) By the end of his reign David has a supervisor of forced labor (20:24), an office that is not mentioned in ...