... . Literally, it means they “ate their pieces” (also used in 6:24). It can be rendered “to slander” or “to accuse maliciously” (so RSV). In the light of this idiom, it makes sense to see these Chaldeans as going beyond duty and acting with hostile intent. Does the Aramaic phrase “some Jews” (NIV) or “certain Jews” (NRSV) indicate an anti-Jewish attitude on the part of the Babylonians? There is a parallel in Esther 3:8–9: Then Haman said to King Xerxes, “There is a certain people ...
... to read and understand the Scriptures), they themselves have not entered (i.e., they do not obey the Scriptures), and they have hindered those who were entering. Thus, a double condemnation falls upon them. They are condemned because of their unbelief and hostility toward God’s messengers and what the Scriptures really teach, and they are condemned because they have failed in their responsibilities as true experts in the law. After this harsh accusation the Pharisees and the teachers of the law began to ...
... disintegration of the prophet’s day, which later came to be associated with the turbulence that was believed would precede the appearance of the Messiah (as seen, for example, in m. Sotah 9.15; and Jubilees 23:16, 19). Whereas the Micah passage describes only the hostility of the young against the old, the Gospel version (see also Matt. 10:36) sets the old against the young as well. Additional Note 12:49 The Gospel of Thomas (see note on 11:27–28 above) 10 reads: “Jesus said, ‘I have cast fire upon ...
... to King Agrippa and Bernice; 27:1 where Paul is handed over to the “Imperial Regiment,” having appealed to Caesar). Jesus promises to give his followers such words and wisdom that none of their adversaries will be able to resist or contradict them (see Acts 4:13, hostile Sanhedrin members are amazed at the learning of Peter and John; Acts 7:2–53, Stephen gives eloquent testimony to his accusers) yet he warns them that some of them will be put to death (see Acts 7:54–60, Stephen is stoned; 12:1–2 ...
... invincible as Christ’s reign in heaven. These powers, however mysterious and menacing, cannot overwhelm God’s love. The cross of Christ was the decisive defeat of all mutinous authorities (Col. 2:15; Eph. 1:21; 1 Pet. 3:22). Though the universe is bent in hostile and savage rebellion, Paul asseverates that nothing in all creation will be able to separate us from the love of God that is in Christ Jesus our Lord. In this chapter, as we have seen from chapter 5 onward, the lordship of Jesus Christ is the ...
... Gentiles to God. 15:30–33 After completing the relief offering, Paul hopes at last to be free to pursue his Spanish mission, stopping in Rome en route “in the full measure of the blessing of Christ” (vv. 28–29). Paul was under no illusions about latent hostility awaiting him in Jerusalem. Neither (apparently) was anyone else. He had already escaped one plot on his life there (Acts 9:29–30), and omens of yet another awaited him (Acts 20:22–25; 21:10–11). It is for good reason that Paul hopes to ...
... Paul is not merely registering a concern that some in Corinth might not be open to Timothy, nor is he merely stating what the Corinthians should and should not do. Paul’s statement is concern that some in Corinth might be actively hostile to Timothy, and he effectively demands that the Corinthians not treat Timothy inappropriately. 16:13–14 The Corinthians are admonished to “watch” (Gk. gregored; NIV: be on guard). They are told “to stand courageously in the faith” (Gk. stēkete en tē pistei ...
... faith in and faithfulness toward God and God’s Lamb. Additional Notes 20:11 For background on the white throne, see T. F. Glasson, “The Last Judgment in Rev. 20 and Related Writings,” NTS 28 (1982), pp. 528–39. 20:13 According to John’s cosmology, the sea is the hostile home of God’s enemies.
... of a murderer. Those who kill a person in this way are guilty of murder and are to be executed by the custom of blood vengeance. The same execution will await those who kill by shoving another or throwing something at him intentionally or if in hostility he hits him with his fist so that he dies. If, on the other hand, the shoving or throwing is unintentional or if the killer drops a stone on someone without seeing him, then a hearing is required. The assembly is apparently a judicial body that determines ...
... ancient Israel’s experience. It is tempting for the contemporary reader to dismiss these texts as a mix of arcane relics, regulations whose significance has been lost in time. These instructions might seem to be legalistic requirements of an obsessively hostile god or merely the external trappings of an ancient past. However, the dramatic movement and intensity of the training suggest that these were instructions for people who fervently believed in their efficacy. Sacrifice provided a rite of passage in ...
... 16 do we learn he is Saul’s son.) Fortified by the success against the Ammonites, Jonathan took action against the Philistine outpost near Saul’s family home at Gibeah. The Philistines heard about it understates the Philistine reaction of outraged hostility: that they would respond fiercely was inevitable. There is no explicit criticism of Jonathan’s action, but his action contrasts with Saul’s careful planning (ch. 11). The portrait of Jonathan as an activist rather than a strategist—somewhat hot ...
... by his obsession are admirable. Saul was persuaded, and David, at least for a while, was able to return to court. Saul’s confirmation of his word with an oath reflects the extremes of his mood swings. 19:8–10 A further outbreak of hostilities gave David more opportunity to cause havoc among the Philistines. Whether David’s further success caused Saul’s further loss of his always vulnerable mental and emotional control is not clear. But in a replica of his previous action (18:10–11), Saul tries ...
... bodyguard. Arranging the killing at the sheepshearing party made it easier to get a drunken Amnon away from them than it would have been on their own territory. 13:39 This verse is obscure. The verb used here, “to go forth,” usually means to go in a hostile way and could mean that David, once the shock of his first grief had worn off, wanted to take action against Absalom. This interpretation fits better with ch. 14 as a whole. However, David had an ability to set the past aside; having lost one son, he ...
... Jew familiar with the Old Testament, such a claim was equivalent to blasphemy (10:33; cf. Exod. 20:3; Deut. 6:4, 13–14). Only once before in the Gospel has Jesus spoken so openly of God as my Father (2:16), and the full extent of the hostility provoked by such language is only now becoming clear. Additional Notes 5:1 A feast of the Jews: The words of the Jews serve as a reminder to Gentile readers of the historical situation. Some manuscripts have the definite article (“the feast of the Jews”), which ...
... ’s presence with the disciples is promised especially in situations of persecution, when they would feel Jesus’ absence most keenly. To this extent the Spirit’s function is the same as it is in the synoptic Gospels: to enable the disciples to stand firm under hostile questioning and to testify faithfully about Jesus to their persecutors (vv. 26–27; cf. Mark 13:11; Matt. 10:19; Luke 12:11–12). Though this is the main import of the promise of the Spirit in its historical and literary context, it is ...
... a beverage among the poor. It was thirst-quenching and was offered to Jesus (probably by the soldiers) as an act of mercy. Though the incident is recorded with Ps. 69:21 in mind, the similarity is only formal because in the psalm “vinegar” is given with hostile rather than merciful intent: “They put gall in my food and gave me vinegar for my thirst.” In any case, the purpose of the account in John’s Gospel is not to describe a touching act of love toward Jesus but to emphasize that his real thirst ...
... a beverage among the poor. It was thirst-quenching and was offered to Jesus (probably by the soldiers) as an act of mercy. Though the incident is recorded with Ps. 69:21 in mind, the similarity is only formal because in the psalm “vinegar” is given with hostile rather than merciful intent: “They put gall in my food and gave me vinegar for my thirst.” In any case, the purpose of the account in John’s Gospel is not to describe a touching act of love toward Jesus but to emphasize that his real thirst ...
... 3ff. are examples. See also the parties of 1 Cor. 1–3. It is not necessary to posit political agitation or Zealotism, as Bo Reicke does (James, p. 21), to find a setting for this proverb’s use in James’ community. 1:20 Anger, usually meaning the expression of hostility, was rejected by the Greeks, as H. Kleinknecht shows (“Orgē,” TDNT, vol. 5, p. 384). Later Jewish writers rejected it as incompatible with wisdom (Sirach 27:30; Wisdom 10:3; cf. Job 36:13; 18; Prov. 12:16; 27:3; 4; 29:8; 30:33). In ...
... , pp. 124–25, 135–37). In that case the voice merges back into James’ voice in v. 20 or 21. Grammatically this is possible, but the stumbling block is the fact that in other places in Greek literature the someone will say introduction always introduces a hostile or opposing voice (see also Luke 4:23; Rom. 11:9; 4 Macc. 2:24; Barnabas 9:6; Josephus, Wars 8.363). A second position, followed in the NIV and this commentary, argues that this sentence is an objection and that although “you” and “I ...
James 5:1-6, James 4:13-17, James 5:7-12, James 5:13-20
Understanding Series
Peter H. Davids
... a community member, an overt criticism (4:11), or an eloquent sigh that invites a question, and then a reluctant “since you asked” explanation. However expressed, criticism is a great temptation in a community under pressure, both in terms of displaced hostility or jealousy (because someone has life easier than you). James realized that this was destructive to the community, the solidarity of which was vital to support the Christians during hard times. The reason not to complain is or you will be ...
James 5:7-12, James 4:13-17, James 5:1-6, James 5:13-20
Understanding Series
Peter H. Davids
... a community member, an overt criticism (4:11), or an eloquent sigh that invites a question, and then a reluctant “since you asked” explanation. However expressed, criticism is a great temptation in a community under pressure, both in terms of displaced hostility or jealousy (because someone has life easier than you). James realized that this was destructive to the community, the solidarity of which was vital to support the Christians during hard times. The reason not to complain is or you will be ...
James 5:13-20, James 4:13-17, James 5:1-6, James 5:7-12
Understanding Series
Peter H. Davids
... a community member, an overt criticism (4:11), or an eloquent sigh that invites a question, and then a reluctant “since you asked” explanation. However expressed, criticism is a great temptation in a community under pressure, both in terms of displaced hostility or jealousy (because someone has life easier than you). James realized that this was destructive to the community, the solidarity of which was vital to support the Christians during hard times. The reason not to complain is or you will be ...
... 9). Never perish, spoil or fade translates three adjectives: aphthartos, amiantos, amarantos, all three prefixed by alpha-privative (Gk. a- = Eng. un-). The first, aphthartos, derives from the verb phtheirein, often used of the ravaging of land by hostile armies. The second, amiantos, is from miainein, to pollute, especially by godless action. The third, amarantos, unfading (from marainein, to dry up, wither) gives us amaranth, the “unfading flower.” The Christian inheritance is in a sphere that, unlike ...
... birth. What would be impossible in their own strength is “not burdensome” for those born of God. Indeed, so powerful is the reality of the new birth that the believer (with the community of which the Christian is a part) overcomes the world. Here, the world is that hostile environment in which the Johannine Christians live, but which they are not of (John 17:11, 14, 16). Though God loves it (John 3:16), and Christ died for it (1 John 2:2; 4:9, 14), it has rejected and hates both Jesus and the disciples ...
... uses descendants of Esau rather than Edom, in order to highlight the claim of kinship (cf. Gen. 36). Deuteronomy omits the request of Moses to pass through Edomite territory and its outright rejection by the king of Edom, thus passing over the hostility implied in the Numbers narrative. These differences doubtlessly stem from Deuteronomy’soverall theological aim to compare the fates of the five nations. Conversely, the idea of Yahweh having given the land of Edom to Esau is not found in Numbers, but is ...