... There is no room here for a “two covenant” approach to the people of God whereby Gentiles are saved by faith in Jesus while Jews are saved by being the Old Testament people of God and by following the law of Moses. Paul will correct any such notion in 1:18–11:36. Second, the “obedience of faith” means that justification and sanctification should never be separated. As 1:16–5:21 indicates, justification before God is based solely on faith in Jesus Christ minus human effort of any kind, but as 6:1 ...
... used for the law to that end: “his will,” “what is superior,” “instructed by the law” (2:18). Third, Israel’s privileged possession of the law made Israel the teacher of Gentiles and therefore superior to the nations. Verses 19–20 draw upon the prevalent notion in early Judaism that the wisdom that the Gentiles longed for was to be found in the Torah (e.g., Sirach, Baruch, Dead Sea Scrolls, 4 Ezra, 2 Baruch, 4 Maccabees). 2:21–23 You who boast in the law, do you dishonor God by breaking ...
... Judaism maintained continuity between Abraham’s faith and circumcision, between the covenants of Abraham and Moses, beginning with Deuteronomy 10:16; 30:6. But Paul asserts in 4:10–11a that the chronological priority of faith over circumcision dismisses the notion that Abraham kept the Torah in advance by submitting to circumcision. In other words, the apostle to the Gentiles continues the prophetic tradition of pitting the Abrahamic covenant against the Mosaic covenant. 4:11b–12 he is the father ...
... , invulnerable to death (cf. v. 17 and Paul’s remark in v. 21 that Christ’s life is eternal). In concluding my comments on 5:17, I should mention that contrary to what some have claimed, Romans 5:12–21 does not teach universalism—the notion that God saves everyone because of Jesus’ death. Such a sentiment is refuted by Paul’s words in 5:17: Christ’s blessings belong only to those who appropriate God’s grace personally. 5:18 one righteous act resulted in justification and life for all ...
... , “Every sin involves a contradiction. For since he who sins does not wish to sin, but to be right, it is clear that he is not doing what he wishes” (Disc. 2.26.1–2; cf. 2.26.4–5). Much further removed from Paul’s understanding is the Platonic notion of soma-sema: the body is the prison of the soul because the two are at war with each other. Interpretive Insights 7:13 Did that which is good, then, become death to me? By no means! Verse 13 states the thesis of 7:13–25: the law of Moses ...
... have already dawned for Christians but are not yet complete. Historical and Cultural Background 1. Verses 17–18 and verses 28–30, preoccupied with the themes of suffering and glory as they are, form an inclusio around Romans 8:19–27. These two themes combined to form a prominent notion in Jewish apocalyptic writers, who believed that the suffering of the people of God in the present age would bring them glory in the age to come (e.g., 1 En. 1.2–8; 96.3; 2 Bar. 48.49–50; 51.3–11; 4 Ezra 7.15–16 ...
... the apocalyptic nuance of myst?rion (11:25) continues to influence Paul in 11:33: the undiscoverable wisdom of God’s salvation history has been revealed to Paul, the apocalyptic seer (cf. Dan. 2:20–23). 2. Jewish wisdom traditions inform Romans 11:33–35, particularly the notion that God’s wisdom was revealed to Israel in the form of the Torah (Sir. 24:23; Bar. 4:1).1Indeed, A. T. Hanson has argued convincingly that the two Old Testament texts quoted by Paul in 11:34–35—Isaiah 40:13 and Job 41:11 ...
... should oppose their government? Paul is clear in 13:1–5 that political authorities are ordained of God. And happy is the nation whose philosophical assumption and legal commitment is that government should be run by and for the people. But such a blessed notion is only a rather recent development in governmental theory (ancient Greece deserves some credit for that process). Paul wrote his words (ca. AD 55–57) during the reign of Emperor Nero (AD 54–68), whose first five years were good years for the ...
... has lost its power (1 Cor. 1:17) and the church is left without a testimony. 2. Unity and agreement. To “speak the same” and have the “same purpose” does not translate into full agreement on all issues in the church. It does, however, rule out any notion of “I alone can be right.” Personal agendas have no place and must give way to the greater purpose of creating a community that imitates Christ and exists to give him glory. 3. Christ’s power to transform. It is always a danger for a church to ...
... way. In contrast to human cleverness and persuasive ability stands a demonstration of God’s presence and power (4:19–20). Paul’s language is deliberate. Using the language of the rhetorical schools (persuasion, demonstration, power), he erases any notion that God’s demonstration in some way should be less persuasive than the speeches made by human rhetoricians. As Aristotle taught four hundred years earlier, persuasion (pistis) “is clearly a sort of demonstration, since we are most fully persuaded ...
... to serve. This, Paul says, is a violation of God’s intention in the highest degree. Not only does it violate God’s intentions; it violates his very nature. The unity of the three persons in the Godhead militates against even the notion that diversity can give grounds for preeminence. All spiritual gifts, different as they are, are generously given without merit by the same Spirit. Their purpose is unification, not divisiveness—a divine enablement to build up the common unity (community) of believers ...
... is not easily angered” (as even the Israelites were [10:10]). The passive paroxynetai speaks to a sharpened sense of touchiness, of allowing oneself to become irritated without substantial cause.[9] Love “keeps no record of wrongs”; it rejects the very notion of retribution.[10] 13:6 Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. That Paul uses forensic terminology suggests that love’s transforming power reaches even to legal matters (see comments on 6:1–4). Misery and injustices ...
... of Jesus as the Son of God and Judge. He is the only one who knows us completely and is able to give us lasting rewards. 2. Sometimes what God expects of us is to keep doing what we’ve been doing. Since we’ve been deeply influenced by the notion of progress, we sometimes assume that we need to be doing new and different things to please God. But often what God expects is for us to hang in there by doing what we’re already doing. The four character qualities mentioned in 2:19—love and faith, service ...
... 8, 11), we again see God’s sovereign control of human history. Interestingly, these first four seals focus on the depravity of humankind as a means of showing that “God simply allows human sin to come full circle, turn in upon itself, and self-destruct.”3Revelation supports the notion that God’s judgments often involve allowing evil to run its course. Outline 5. The seal judgments (6:1–8:1) a. The first six seals (6:1–17) i. The four horsemen (6:1–8) (1) The rider on a white horse (6:1–2) (2 ...
... cultural definitions will fill in the gaps. Christians need to know what the Bible, and specifically the book of Revelation, says about overcoming and conquering the devil. The tension is between the American value of insisting on our own rights and the biblical notion of surrendering to persecution out of faithfulness to Christ. The message of Revelation is that Christians “conquer” in a sense by being conquered (11:7; 13:7), that is, by being faithful to Christ even in the face of suffering (12:11 ...
... , the air just outside smelled fresh, like the wind of heaven! It is amazing how we can unconsciously adjust to our environment. False worship and religious propaganda are dire threats to our faith. Quote: The Knowledge of the Holy, by A. W. Tozer… Perverted notions about God soon rot the religion in which they appear. The long career of Israel demonstrates this clearly enough, and the history of the Church confirms it. So necessary to the Church is a lofty concept of God that when that concept in any ...
... to God (e.g., 21:8); and (3) anyone who practices deceit or falsehood, indicating once again how utterly evil deceit really is (see the sidebar in 18:1–8). God is holy and nothing unholy will enter his holy city. Osborne observes that the notion of a person “entering” here is the reverse of Jesus wanting to “enter” in 3:20, suggesting that “we will only ‘enter’ the New Jerusalem when we have allowed Christ to ‘enter’ our lives.”5 Theological Insights God’s mission to create a people ...
... adventures are often attempts to satisfy a desire that God has legitimately provided. May we stop being deceived and seek the Lord, who is “the way, the truth, and the life” (John 14:6). 2. We will not be bored or unemployed in the new creation. The notion that heaven will be an eternally exhausting church service or even a never-ending vacation doesn’t fit with the text. Just as Adam and Eve were entrusted with ruling in the original garden (Gen. 1:26, 28), so God’s people will also bear the ...
... But when Abraham is about to slit Isaac’s throat, God intervenes and provides a ram caught in the thicket as a substitute for Isaac (Gen. 22:12–14). That the burnt offering was substitutionary in nature goes along with the notion above that totally burning the animal represented the worshiper’s total consecration to God. Although no New Testament text identifies Christ specifically with the burnt offering, the New Testament does (especially in Hebrews) see the whole Old Testament sacrificial system as ...
... with ceremonial uncleanness. An Israelite had to refrain from sex before entering the presence of God (Exod. 19:15; 20:26; 28:42–43). Even ordinary sexual intercourse between a husband and wife produced uncleanness (Lev. 15:18). Any notion of sacred prostitution would have been inconceivable for a devout Israelite. Thus, unlike certain ancient pagan cults, Israel totally separated sex from worship. 3. The rules on discharges associate God with life. Menstrual bleeding represents loss of life (blood ...
... , that expiates” (NJPS; similarly NRSV). The first rendering means that the blood ransoms by means of the animal’s life (nepesh, “life, soul, self”) being forfeit. The second means that the animal’s shed blood ransoms the human’s life. The notion of substitutionary sacrifice is involved in both of these interpretations. The third view, first proposed by Jacob Milgrom but later abandoned by him, implies that it is the life force of blood that atones. Milgrom’s former view limited the atonement ...
... how the land is to be “sold,” redeemed, and restored to original owners in the Year of Jubilee. Also God’s people are his “servants” (v. 55) and ought not be made into anyone else’s permanent slaves. The rest of the Old Testament elaborates on the notion that God ultimately owns everything. This includes not just Israel but the whole world. The earth is the Lord’s, and everything in it, the world, and all who live in it. (Ps. 24:1) For every animal of the forest is mine, and the cattle on a ...
... the presence of God. Spiritual Biography: Brother Lawrence was a Carmelite monk who as part of his religious devotion trained his mind to be ever aware of the fact that God is present.12He established God’s presence not only by thinking high notions about God, which naturally pushes out trivial and foolish thoughts, but also by continually conversing with God. God’s presence is not limited to time in churches. It can happen at all times. For Lawrence, daily menial chores such as buying supplies or ...
... to divine discipline, and he understands that God sometimes sends unjust suffering for disciplinary reasons. He is content to place his destiny in the Lord’s hands, knowing that the Lord is capable of vindicating and delivering him (16:12). David articulates this same notion in Psalm 38, where he acknowledges that his suffering is due to his sin (vv. 1–4). Surrounded by enemies who hate him without cause (vv. 16–20), he begs for the Lord to vindicate him before them and deliver him from his self ...
... his men to “strike Amnon down” and “kill him” (13:28). Again the verbs are the same ones used to describe how Absalom, who ordered his men to kill his brother, meets his own demise at the hand of Joab’s men. The intertextual links convey the notion of poetic justice, for both David and Absalom. 18:16 Then Joab sounded the trumpet. This is the second time that Joab is described as blowing a trumpet to signal the end of a military victory (cf. 2:28). Ironically, both times he led David’s forces ...