... the speeches are much shorter than before, and eventually the dialogue disintegrates completely when Zophar’s turn comes but he does not speak (after chapter 26). In addition, the speakers are increasingly frustrated and caustic with one another. In Job 22, Eliphaz takes a hostile tone of condemnation as he seeks to maintain his own theological dogma by attacking Job’s integrity. He begins by stating that Job’s situation is of little concern to Almighty God (22:1–5). He goes on to charge that Job is ...
... produce, not what precipitates it. He reasons that suffering is God’s discipline by which humans can be built up. The wise person will accept suffering and become better because of it, but the fool resists suffering and is destroyed by responding to it with hostility. Even though Elihu is not accurate in his assessment of why Job is suffering, what he says in this speech does help to set the stage for the appearance of Yahweh in chapter 38, with his resolution of Job’s situation. Historical and Cultural ...
... garment (Exod. 22:26–27). 6:7 foes. The etymology of this word is disputed. Craigie examines the various proposals (“heart,” “recess,” etc.) and concludes that the sense of “enemies” or “foes,” derived from the Hebrew root tsrr (“to show hostility”), is the best,6with which I concur. 6:8 you who do evil. This term (lit., “doers of evil”) references those who oppose the psalmist. Their evil is constituted by their unjust opposition to the suppliant, or simply their common ...
... depicts David’s life as virtual conflict. Indeed, his reputation was that of a man of war (1 Sam. 16:18; see ESV). So this psalm could be written against the background of David’s reputation rather than a specific incident or phase of hostilities. Outline/Structure Psalm 11 is built around the counsel of David’s devotees to “flee like a bird to your mountain” (11:1b), followed by the description of the situation that triggers their advice (“For look, the wicked bend their bows,” 11:2) and ...
... , whereas the masculine noun elsewhere describes Isaac as “your only son [yahid], whom you love” (Gen. 22:2). Here it refers to the psalmist’s life.12 35:19 those who hate me without reason . . . wink the eye. Jesus applies this verse to the hostility of his and his followers’ enemies (John 15:25; see “The Text in Context”). Again the psalmist insists on his innocence. To “wink the eye” is a metaphor that suggests insidious intentions (Prov. 6:13; 10:10; 16:30). 35:21–22 With our ...
... and the kingdom of God. Illustrating the Text Remember what you learned in the light as you live in a dark and needy world. Bible: Ephesians 6:10–13. Imagine being held in a strange place of darkness under the control and evil intent of a hostile person—in part, because of your own failures. Just the thought of such an experience produces anxiety and fear. How could a believer face such an experience and survive? The apostle Paul urges the Ephesians with these words: Finally, be strong in the Lord and ...
... , work gives us our identity. During World War II industrialist Henry J. Kaiser was brought to Washington, D.C. to testify concerning his ship building activities. He had claimed to be able to build a ship a day. He was being cross-examined by a somewhat hostile young lawyer who said, “So you think you can build a ship a day,” goaded the questioner. “You know Rome wasn’t built in a day.” Henry J. Kaiser looked the young lawyer squarely in the eye and answered, “I wasn’t there.” Do you think ...
... would make that kind of sacrifice. Christ made that same kind of sacrifice in our behalf. It is that very special kind of love proceeding from the heart of God that holds this world together. Without that love we are all orphans in a strange and hostile universe. Have I helped you take your mind off of the superficial reasons for celebrating Thanksgiving? I hope so. Let’s give thanks, but let’s do it for the right reasons. Let’s give thanks for our inheritance as children of God, for the incarnation ...
... battle is instigated by an attempt of the minor kings to establish independence. To quell the revolt, these kings march, according to place names in verses 5–7, from Syria to the Gulf of Aqaba, then north again to Kadesh. In the midst of these hostilities Lot is captured (14:12). He is now suffering one of the consequences of his choice. Abram is informed of this, and it is here that we find the interesting phrase “Abram the Hebrew” (14:13). In the one chapter where Abram engages in military activity ...
... El(ohim) and Yahweh as names of deity. Ishmael is to be “a wild donkey of a man” (16:12). He will live the life of a Bedouin, a nomad, and at the same time he will be warlike. For all this emphasis on Ishmael’s involvement with hostility, his descendants, the Ishmaelites, never are in conflict with Israel, nor are they the objects of God’s judgment. David had an Ishmaelite brother-in-law (1 Chron. 2:17), and an Ishmaelite was one of the key overseers in his administration (1 Chron. 27:30). Now it ...
... from their camp (16:10, 21–22). Azazel, the meaning of whose name remains mysterious (certainly not “[e]scapegoat”), is a party capable of owning a goat (16:8, 10), but he is not the Lord. The Lord treats him in a hostile manner by sending Israel’s toxic moral waste to be “dumped” in his territory, implying that he is the source of the moral faults, to which they are returned. This nonsacrificial elimination ritual (“purification ritual,” not “purification offering”) teaches that after ...
... large number of Israelites by divine agency is tantamount to a declaration of war. So God declares war on them (25:16–18; cf. chap. 31). Of course, the fact that a high-ranking Israelite official kills the daughter of a Midianite chieftain would have made the Midianites even more hostile to Israel.
... just as it was with Moses. In light of these two promises, the first command, repeated three times in 1:6–7, 9, is for Joshua to be strong and courageous, essential qualities that will enable him to lead the people against hostile forces to inherit the land. The other two commands, however, are slightly different. Although the earlier promise that no one will be able to stand against Joshua sounds unconditional, the following two commands provide further qualifications. In 1:7 the success previously ...
... their hands, the Lord would first demand a demonstration of covenant faithfulness. Such a demonstration also requires a corresponding demonstration of faith, since there is an implicit danger to Israel’s obedience. After all, the Israelites, having just set foot on hostile land and now camping near the enemy, would have been extremely vulnerable to the enemy’s attacks after the procedure (cf. Gen. 34:13–29). But the people obey by faith, and when they do, the Lord declares that their past disgrace ...
... intervention in this chapter, prompted by the aggression of Ben-Hadad and his allies (20:1–12). The considerable demands of Ben-Hadad give the impression that he has some leverage; the backstory would be that Israel is experiencing foreign hostilities under Ahab, and therefore abandoning orthodoxy does not always bring socioeconomic benefits. Some witty repartee between the two kings indicates that Ahab has a sense of humor, but it really looks like he is about to get horsewhipped. Despite Elijah ...
... long-standing conflict with Aram (22:1–6), where the southern king Jehoshaphat—who will be formally introduced later in the chapter—appears as an ally of Ahab. Despite sparing Ben-Hadad’s life earlier, Ahab is now interested in launching a hostile offensive against the northern outpost of Ramoth Gilead. Jehoshaphat seems to be the weaker partner in this alliance with Ahab against the Arameans, but his abrupt request to first seek God’s counsel indicates that his voice is taken somewhat seriously ...
... host surrounds them) while the Aramean troops are struck with blindness and led to Samaria by the very man they were sent to capture. If the captured Arameans are expecting the worst, such expectations are thwarted as the prophet orders hospitality for the prisoners and so transforms a situation of hostility into a season of peace.
... (15:32–38). Jotham manages to rebuild the “Upper Gate” of the temple, but this project is eclipsed by mounting anxiety over external matters, such as the northern alliance (Israel and Aram) against Judah. Yet there is a powerful assertion in verse 37 that even the growing maelstrom of international hostility is under the aegis of divine sovereignty.
Hostility toward Judah is not abated, and in fact it increases in the next segment of the story, the reign of Ahaz (16:1–20). The Ahaz administration has a bad start: previous kings were censured for not removing the high places, but Ahaz goes a step further by actually worshiping ...
... of Jehoiakim (23:36–24:7), who is, like his predecessor, subservient to a more powerful king. Historians inform us that Jehoiakim made several alliances, bouncing back and forth before Babylon forcibly won the day. When Jehoiachin assumes the throne (24:8–17), Babylonian hostility has reached the point of a siege on Jerusalem. No doubt aware of the kind of exigencies created by a siege, the king and company surrender and are taken into exile. During the visit of the Babylonian envoys way back in 2 Kings ...
... an expression of devoted love as a kiss on the lips. Verse 27 introduces the second theme, diligence, by calling for proper preparations, provisions, and priorities. Then verses 28–29 complete the first theme, warning against being a perjurer or a hostile witness (cf. Prov. 3:29–30) motivated by a desire for revenge. The collection concludes with a colorful description of the sluggard’s irrational behavior, along with its consequences (24:30–34; cf. 6:10–11). The rundown condition of the vineyard ...
... He watches, waters, and protects it. He will make war against anyone (“briers and thorns,” 27:4) who opposes his people. He prevents those conditions he has previously permitted to ruin the vineyard (5:6). He is not angry but desires reconciliation with even hostile opponents. His purpose for the vineyard is success on a grand scale. The root must be well established before the blossoms will produce their fruit in “all the world” (27:6). The kingdom of God gradually extends as God’s new people are ...
... also the glory of Yahweh in its full and radiant beauty (33:17–24). The realm of Yahweh’s rule will be extended, but there will be no place for the wicked in his kingdom. Zion, the city of God, will be full of peace like a river where no hostile ships can sail (33:21). Yahweh the majestic one will be for his people and will provide for them a river of life (33:21; Rev. 22:1). The songs of Zion celebrate the glory, beauty, and rivers (or springs) found in the city of Zion. Yahweh will be present ...
... ’s demise. The Kerethites (Cretans) were a Philistine group. All this invective against bordering nations who treated Judah with contempt, and in turn pay a price, finds its root in Genesis 12:3. We have in Ezekiel 25 an illustration of what happened to four nations who chose to be hostile toward Abraham’s seed.
... Russia, Meshek represents Moscow, and Tubal represents Tobolsk. Thus, it is claimed, here is an explicit prophecy in Scripture of the now defunct Soviet Union and its belligerence against Israel. This can hardly be the case. Russia may indeed turn its hostilities on Israel, but not because Ezekiel prophesied it over two thousand years ago. Modern “futurists” are not alone in trying to equate Gog and Magog with some contemporary fierce and evil force. In the second century BC, Gog was thought to ...