... by condemning evil one can avoid the consequences of it. But this is treading on casuistic thin ice, for there are more than enough pitfalls listed in 1:29–31 to catch the most scrupulous and wary moralist. There is still more to Paul’s concern over judgments. Do not even truly moral individuals discover to their acute disappointment that the evils they detest and strive to overcome are also in themselves? It is no coincidence that we have learned more about the meaning of evil from the saints who have ...
... God and an heir of the promise by descent but by the gracious election of God” (Lectures on Romans, p. 266). The heart of the matter is that God’s purpose in election might stand. The crucial word, purpose, prothesis, appeared in 8:28 concerning those “who have been called according to his purpose.” There, as here, it is shrouded in ineffability. But what God had ordained before creation he executed in history. The reason God chooses Jacob and rejects Esau is not because God is arbitrary or unjust ...
... else in Romans 9–11, the script here is written by the apostle himself, and in it we come closer to an answer about the place of Jews in salvation history. 11:11–12 Did the Jews stumble so as to fall beyond recovery? asks Paul (v. 11). His concern is no longer with the remnant of Jewish Christians, but with “the others [who] were hardened” (11:7), i.e., the majority of Jews who rejected the gospel. Were the “spirit of stupor” (11:7) to prevail, it would spell doom for the Jews. As a whole Israel ...
... who had convicted and executed them as “the enemy.” We will make note, however, that in the succeeding vision of the 144,000, John assumes that God will avenge our blood (cf. 7:4–8). Further, the martyrs’ cry of vindication frames their concern for theodicy and the date of its resolution: when will a Sovereign Lord, whose powerful mercy is disclosed in the slain and risen Lamb, vindicate God’s reign publicly as holy and true? No doubt, some readers of Revelation are facing a situation similar ...
... commission is to prophesy. In all probability, John’s audience would have understood John’s task as predicting future events, or outcomes of biblical promises about many peoples, nations, languages and kings. While the essential content of the little scroll concerns the church’s situation, John always locates the church’s salvation within a cosmic context, where the heavenly reality predicts the earthly outcome. Thus, the salvation of God’s people, in accord with the promise of a faithful God, is ...
... of the sacrifice. In any case, the disposal of the meat is not a trivial matter, to judge from these verses. The further difficulty is that the priests have already failed to follow instructions, and the deaths of Nadab and Abihu have raised great concern over that mistake. Aaron answers for his sons as the responsible father. His reply suggests a motivation: attending to the holiness and power of God which has destroyed his sons Nadab and Abihu. They were judged presumptuous in their actions; Aaron did not ...
... in the rebellions in chapter 16, the fear of death at the end of chapter 17, and the assurance of protection against death in chapter 18. Indeed, death has been an ominous presence in this middle section of Numbers beginning with chapter 11. Since a concern with purity permeates the book, and since death, as an enemy of God, is unclean (Num. 5:2), it is appropriate that the Priestly tradents deal in chapter 19 with the question of how the community is to cope with impurity caused by contact with death ...
... focus moves from Samuel, although he still has a significant role to play, to Saul. In verse 3 Saul, in spite of his imposing physical presence and his good family background, enters the picture as a rather insignificant young man looking for lost donkeys. God’s concern for and use of the powerless can be seen again here. It may be, therefore, that the grandiose introduction in verse 2 is inserted into an earlier account to serve as an introduction to Saul the king at the point when he is first mentioned ...
... assessment. Samuel had in no way cheated or oppressed. Whatever doubts there might have been about the behavior of Samuel’s sons, these did not impinge on the people’s assessment of Samuel. The Israelites were willing to take an oath before God concerning Samuel’s integrity. It may be that the writers deliberately show that Samuel had not been involved in the kind of oppressive behavior that he had warned them might result from the appointment of a king (8:11–18), a particularly significant point ...
... for the ongoing development of the community, is usually seen as coming from a Deuteronomic perspective. It portrays Saul positively and may be included as a way of indicating that the specific incidents concerning Saul’s kingship do not give a complete picture of his reign. David is an example of Saul’s co-opting into royal service any mighty or brave man. Merab and Michal, Saul’s daughters, and Abner, his field commander, are introduced. This technique of introducing characters before they play ...
... text never hints that this evil spirit provides an excuse. Saul remains responsible for his behavior. The problem is the effect of his disobedience resulting in a bad conscience and loss of any awareness of God’s presence with him. Saul’s courtiers, concerned for his well-being, persuade him to look for a court musician, for music was recognized as having beneficial effects in some circumstances. David, apparently having some renown as a harpist, is sent for. The description of David as a brave man and ...
... but well south of Saul’s base at Gibeah. 27:3 The presence of whole families would indicate to Achish that this was meant to be a long-term visit and confirm the impression that the group had burned their bridges as far as Israel was concerned. It was a common occurrence for discontented groups from one tribe to hire themselves out as mercenaries to other groups, although joining in fights against their own tribes would be rarer—which explains the wariness of the other Philistine lords (29:3–5). 27:6 ...
... not just the disgraced Saul, have consequences that go far beyond the action. In both instances the accounts end with God again answering prayer in behalf of the land (21:14; 24:25). In this instance there is a looking forward to Solomon’s reign. The details given concerning the threshing floor of Araunah are explained by the fact that this was where the temple was to be built. Thus this account forms an appropriate end to 2 Samuel and a link with 1 Kings. 24:1–3 The picture in verse 1 of God incit[ing ...
... for the burden of life that weighs him down from the outside. Job repeatedly employs this word to refer to his plight (e.g., 3:20; 4:8; 5:6, 7; 7:3; 11:16; 15:35; 16:2; 20:22). Additional Notes 3:1–26 There are still debates concerning the division of the text of chapter 3. Habel (Job, pp. 98–99, 102–6, accepts the two-fold division. Clines, Job 1–20, pp. 75–77, and others suggest three segments (vv. 3–10, 11–19, 20–26) or some variation on this schema (so Terrien, 3:903). These ...
... reader needs also to understand this expectation of a goʾel, linked with the preceding verses with mi yitten introducing impossible hopes, as Job’s intense desire rather than an absolute knowledge or prediction of the future. The second question in these verses concerns when Job anticipates seeing his advocate. In this life? Or in some resurrection life after his death? Commentators have defended both views, and the data are far from certain. The reference in verse 25 to the goʾel appearing in the end ...
... any need for a public declaration of his innocence. It is enough for him to stand in right relationship with this sovereign God, who is so far beyond human knowing. If the Satan’s question whether it is possible to fear God for no profit is the driving concern behind the book, as I have suggested, then it would seem that Job’s change here provides the definitive answer. Job is willing to fear God even if he is never publicly vindicated as a righteous man. He has given up all claims to any profit at all ...
... liturgies of the Psalms (Isa. 33:14 is even more explicit: “Who of us can dwell with the consuming fire?”) the question focuses on who may approach Yahweh’s holy place. This question is not raised out of mere doctrinal interest or out of concern for church membership; it is raised out of deep respect for consuming Holiness. Implicit here is mortal danger. After Aaron’s sons had been consumed by fire that came out from the presence of the LORD, Yahweh explained, “Among those who approach me I will ...
... are prominent in psalms reflecting wisdom influence (Pss. 34; 37; 112; 119). “Fearing” the Lord (vv. 25:12, 14) is also a recurring motif in wisdom psalms (19:9; 34:7, 9, 11; 112:1; Ps. 119, five times; cf. 145:19), though not exclusive to them. The concern for inheriting the land is an important motif in Psalm 37 (vv. 9, 11, 22, 29, 34). Psalm 25 also reflects a keen awareness of personal sin (vv. 7, 11, 18). Generally among the psalms, those that speak of sin as part of the general human condition (i ...
... takes a decidedly different tone and engages in a moral evaluation. This is spelled out not so much in terms of their abuse of victims but in terms of the wicked themselves and of their attitudes toward God. Their tyrannical arrogance is illustrated with imagery concerning their clothing (v. 6), their hearts and minds (v. 7), and their mouths (vv. 8–9). Because the conceits of their minds know no limits (as illustrated in the spatial image of heaven and the earth in v. 9) they are cavalier about God: They ...
... psalm also shows us that OT worship consisted of more than a mere monologue; Yahweh was expected to answer. The first half consists of prayer addressed to him (vv. 1–7) and the second half of an anticipation of his answer (vv. 8–13). The enveloping concern of the psalm is that of the land and its harvest (vv. 1, 12). 85:1–7 You restored the fortunes (or, “you turned the captivity,” šabtā šebût [Kethib] or šebît [Qere]) is a phrase that appears in other passages referring to restoration from ...
... to the village and would therefore have several shepherds, thus allowing one of them to go after the lost sheep. The temptation to second-guess the details of a parable needs to be resisted. The essential point is the concern of the shepherd for every single sheep. God is like that: he is concerned about each believer. In this context, to be lost (v. 14) means to have got “out of right relation to God and in danger of eternal ruin unless sought out and restored” (Filson, p. 201). Additional Notes 18:11 ...
... power to the south and to the east and toward the Beautiful Land (8:9). He launched two campaigns against Egypt in the south. He fought against the Parthians in the east. However, it is clear from the following verses that the writer is most concerned about Epiphanes’s attack on Jerusalem. The MT only has “the beauty.” Although the word “land” is not found in this verse, it makes sense to supply it from occurrences of “the Beautiful Land” (Dan. 11:16, 41; for similar expressions see Pss. 48:2 ...
... rest. 3:1–6 This is the last of the five conflict stories that run from 2:1 to 3:6, and it is intended as the climactic one, ending with the reference to a plot to kill Jesus (3:6). As in the preceding story, the issue concerns the Sabbath regulations and Jesus’ authority to violate them in the pursuit of his ministry. In the previous story, the actions of the disciples drew criticism, but here it is Jesus’ action that is the center of controversy. The setting for this story is a synagogue (see note ...
... desire to give a sentimental picture of Jesus, but it is intended to give his readers a role model to follow. It reflects a practical concern for their ability to stand firm in trials of their faith. The prayer of Jesus, which describes what is about to happen as God’ ... cf. 1:16, 29–36; 3:16 and discussion). 14:38 Temptation: The word here can mean “testing,” “trial,” and Jesus’ concern is that they pray for strength to go through the coming ordeal without failing. The word fall into here can be ...
... how bystanders misunderstood him to be appealing to Elijah, for the Hebrew words sound more like Elijah’s name, but it is impossible to decide with certainty exactly what Jesus may have said and in what language, for each Gospel account seems primarily concerned with giving us the meaning of the crucifixion rather than a documentary and complete description. My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? This translates the Aramaic phrase and is an allusion to Ps. 22:1. As indicated in the discussion earlier ...