... or cycles in endless repetition of the same patterns over and over again, biblical time moves along a line. It has a beginning and it has an end. Time is going somewhere. Man: That's right. We Westerners often forget how embedded in our culture is this notion of linear time. We speak of BC and AD, before Christ's birth and after his birth, when the line of time was intersected with a divine event. This event was not a part of the eternal cycle, but was an "interruption," so to speak, a time-arresting ...
1002. Christmas
Illustration
John A. Robinson
Bishop Robinson says this about the Christmas story: Suppose the whole notion of a God who visits the earth in the person of His Son is as mythical as the prince in the fairy story. Suppose there is no realm “out there” from which the man from heaven arrives. Suppose the Christmas myth (the invasion of this side by the other side), ...
... him. c. The pattern of immediate retribution (which is identified by many commentators as one of the central themes in Chronicles) also functions within the context mentioned in the previous two points. Immediate retribution is not a theological notion as such that functions independently of the Chronicler’s attempt to define All-Israel as a community seeking Yahweh. The Chronicler certainly indicates that Yahweh brings retribution and does not postpone it to subsequent generations. However, accounts of ...
... of the law. Exodus 20:18 has it that “all the people perceived the voices” (though “voices” means “thunderings” in this context), and the rabbis interpreted this to mean that all the nations of the world heard the promulgation of the law. If this notion were current also in the first century, then Luke may have intended his readers to see the allusion. At this Pentecost, the “new law”—the proclamation of the messianic age and of the Messiah—was promulgated to the nations as the old law ...
... Antiquities 2.232–237). Stephen was indebted more to tradition than to the Old Testament when he declared that Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians (v. 22; cf. Philo, Life of Moses 1.5; 2.83; Josephus, Antiquities 2.232–237; this notion subsequently played a considerable part in Jewish legends about Moses; cf. also Luke 2:52). Stephen may again have drawn on tradition in describing him as a powerful in speech and action (v. 22; cf. Josephus, Antiquities 2.238–242; 3.13–21). This is ...
... their missionary work. For his somewhat checkered association with Paul, see disc. on 13:5, 13; 15:36–40. At a later date he was associated also with Peter (see disc. on 3:7f.; 10:14, 34–43; 12:1–5). 12:15 It must be his angel: The notion of a guardian angel capable of assuming the bodily appearance of the person protected is found in the Scriptures. We see it at both the corporate and the individual level: the angels of the churches (Rev. 2 and 3) and the angels of “these little ones” (Matt. 18 ...
... ’s prayer (1 Kings 8:27). 17:25 Moreover, third, God does not need anything that we can supply. The verb means “to need in addition,” as though necessary to make God complete. The Roman Epicurean Lucretius (d. 55 B.C.) had borne witness to the notion that God “needs nothing from us” (On the Nature of Things 2.650), and his Greek counterparts must have nodded their approval of Paul at this point. But Paul’s teacher was again the Old Testament. Psalm 50:7–15 makes this very point (cf. also 2 ...
... , he recalled how God had made the church his own with his own blood (v. 28). The phrase the church of God (v. 28) is unique to Paul (cf., e.g., 1 Cor. 1:2), but the thought behind this part of the verse goes back to the Old Testament notion of God redeeming his people (Ps. 74:2; Isa. 43:21). The cognate noun of the verb “to make one’s own” is found in Ephesians 1:14 (“those who are his”) associated, like the verb in this verse, with the thought of redemption. This redemption was at the cost ...
... “our Father.” For the third time in the first three verses of the letter, Paul is pointing out the divine kinship that he and the Corinthians share together in Christ, the firstborn Son of God (cf. Rom. 8:29). Later, Paul will return to this notion of divine adoptive kinship to argue that the Corinthians should dissociate themselves from his opponents, who stand outside the sphere of Christ (cf. 2 Cor. 6:18 in the context of 6:11–7:4). Paul then elaborates on the words “God” and “Father” in ...
... possession of the guarantee that promises full payment at a specific time in the future, so also he already has the eternal house prepared for him in heaven (cf. John 14:2; 2 Bar. 48:6; 5Q15). This thinking is typical of Paul’s notion of the “already” and the “not yet.” It is likely, therefore, that the “eternal house” is not referring to a continued bodily existence in heaven but rather to a kind of heavenly dwelling that is different from the individual’s resurrection body. According to ...
... . If, as Paul seems to suggest in 2 Corinthians, his opponents have mounted an attack against him that is similar to Korah’s rebellion against Moses, then it is worth noting that Paul’s idea of progressive holiness differs from Korah’s notion of static holiness. Korah argued against Moses’ position of authority that “All the congregation are holy, every one of them” (Num. 16:3; cf. Exod. 19:6). Cf. Hengel, Pre-Christian Paul, pp. 40–53. Cf. Anthony J. Saldarini, “Pharisees,” ABD, vol ...
... are servants of Christ. The apostle has already described the intruders as “servants” of Satan who disguise themselves as “servants of righteousness” (v. 15) and as “apostles of Christ” (v. 13). Therefore, it is obvious that he cannot seriously entertain the notion of their being true servants of Christ. He does so only to introduce several ways in which he is superior to the opponents as a servant of Christ (I am more). It is possible that the opponents described themselves as “servants ...
... visits: the founding visit and the second, painful visit. Simultaneously, the apostle announces that he will not be a burden to the Corinthians when he comes, just as he was not during the previous visits (cf. 11:9; 12:13). He wants to dispel any notion that he will exploit the Corinthians (7:2). Since one of his objectives in coming to Corinth is to complete the collection for Jerusalem (chs. 8–9), Paul feels he must reassure the church of his honest intentions, especially in light of their suspicions ...
... 14; 4:22–23; Rom. 4:1–25). Regardless of whether Paul refers to Abraham in Galatians because his opponents had introduced the patriarch into the discussion, Paul was able to find a very useful complex of ideas in the Abraham story. Particularly helpful are the notions that Abraham’s call was to be a great nation (Gen. 12:2), that God promised Abraham he would be the “father of many nations” (Gen. 17:4), and that “through [Abraham’s] offspring all nations on earth will be blessed” (Gen. 22:18 ...
... 809, esp. pp. 806–7, where he discusses the fellowship that the believer enjoys with Christ. Lohse’s view on the “woes of the Messiah” is discussed in his commentary, pp. 69–72. Martin adopts this interpretation of 1:24 when he states: “Paul takes over this notion and bends it to his purpose. In his life of service to the Gentile churches he is called upon to represent his people as a martyr figure and to perform a vicarious ministry (2 Cor. 1:6); and in this way he completes the still deficient ...
... conduct. Paul continues his scathing indictment of these perpetrators of deceit: They claim to be spiritually superior because of their visions and cultic practices, but there is no substance to their claim (such a person … his unspiritual mind puffs him up with idle notions). It is all vanity and without purpose. The source of this vanity lies in an unspiritual mind. The false teachers may have thought that they were in communion with God; they may have believed that they were inspired by the Spirit. But ...
... soul, nor yet an earthly paradise which mankind is bringing into being and which is in the process of development” (G. Lundstrom, The Kingdom of God in the Teaching of Jesus [Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1963], p. 232), though it might embrace all these notions. Rather, it is God acting in his kingly power, expressing sovereignty and, in particular, asserting his rule both for the overthrow of Satan (see note on 2:18) and for the restoration of humanity to a relationship with himself. But this was conceived ...
... only to emphasize the completeness of the sanctification—it is to touch every aspect of their lives. One would be hard pressed indeed to draw a distinction between spirit and soul; and, while it may be easier to distinguish between spirit and body, the biblical notion of the wholeness of our being must be kept in view. Aspects of our being can be referred to as spirit, soul, or body, but our being is indivisible. It is a whole. We are one. Paul is confident that God will sanctify the Thessalonians ...
... Son. It is only through his knowledge of Christ that he has come really to know God. For him they are One” (The Epistles of Paul to the Thessalonians [London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1950], p. 185). The singular verbs that follow (v. 17) may reinforce this notion that the two are one, but again see the discussion on 1 Thessalonians 3:11. The subsequent twofold description could apply to both the Father and the Son, although it reads more naturally as concerning only the Father. But, in any case, it speaks of ...
... ’s word “runs swiftly” (cf. Ps. 19:4f.), but the metaphor would have appealed to Paul as one who often drew on the images of the Greek games to make his point (cf. 1 Cor. 9:24; Gal. 2:2; Phil. 2:16 for reference to himself as running). The notion that the word almost has a life of its own such that it could “run” through the world is reminiscent of Acts 18:5, where Paul is said to have been “seized by the word” (so the Greek). It implies a certain independence of the message; in another sense ...
... that humankind needs mediation with God (the presupposition) but that God himself has provided it. The word “mediator” had sometimes been applied to Moses in Judaism (e.g., Philo, Moses 2.166), as the one who “mediated” the Law to God’s people, a notion Paul seems to allude to negatively in Galatians 3:19–20. Here, or in the creed itself before Paul used it, the background lies in the idea of a “negotiator” who “establishes a relation which would not otherwise exist” (TDNT, vol. 4, p ...
... Epistles, and Paulines and Pastorals, in which he reworks some things in light of subsequent criticisms. Barrett seems to favor this view. 4:9 Many also have seen an inherent tension between vv. 9–18 and the rest of the letter. But that is due to the mistaken notions that Paul has told Timothy to stay on at Ephesus to resist the false teachers (e.g., Scott), which he has not (not in this letter at least) or that 2 Timothy like 1 Timothy is also a “church manual,” or at least a “pastor’s manual ...
... to the avoidance of suffering. See H. Seesemann, TDNT vol. 6, pp. 23–36. Without sin has been interpreted by some to mean that Jesus was tempted in every way that we are except by those temptations caused by previous sins. Others have insisted that the notion of the sinlessness of Jesus is incompatible with his full humanity as expressed in 2:17–18. Although humanness as we know it (i.e., since the Fall) is inherently sinful, it does not follow that sin is intrinsic or essential to humanness. See J. K ...
... . 6:5 The underlying Greek for the word of God employs rhēma and not logos, thereby ruling out a Logos Christology (the identification of Christ as the logos or “Word” of God; cf. Jn. 1:1), which in any case is not found in Hebrews. On the notion of realized eschatology, see comments and notes on 1:2. 6:6 The Greek verb parapiptō, translated fall away, in the NT occurs only here. Outside the NT the verb can mean “to go astray,” but here the stronger meaning is to be preferred (cf. 3:12; 10 ...
... successively in 5:5–6. The author’s observation that this oath-confirmed word came after the law reflects a Jewish conclusion that new revelation is more authoritative than the older revelation (although by no means is this conclusion always accepted!). The notion of having been made perfect is again best understood as the state of having accomplished God’s saving purposes (cf. 5:9) and being raised to God’s right hand. As we have seen, “perfection” in Hebrews generally has this teleological ...