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826. The Millennial Reign, Followed by Satan’s Release, Defeat, and Punishment

Revelation 20:1-7, Revelation 20:8-10

Teach the Text

J. Scott Duvall

... a messianic kingdom on earth, and supply the background for the millennium of Revelation 20. The parallels between Revelation 20 and Isaiah 24:21–23 are striking. The imprisonment of Satan prepares the way for the millennium, which inaugurates the fulfillment of God’s original creation mandate in Genesis 1:26, as well as many of the promises made earlier in Revelation (e.g., 2:26–27; 3:21; 5:10). Teaching the Text I begin with a caution. Revelation 20 has been a topic of disagreement among Bible ...

827. The New Heaven and New Earth

Revelation 21:1-27

Teach the Text

J. Scott Duvall

... ; 23:18; 1 En. 45:4–5; 2 Bar. 32:2–6; 57:1–3). Revelation suggests a radically new creation (cf. Mark 13:31; 2 Pet. 3:10–13; 1 Cor. 7:31; Heb. 12:27; 1 John 2:17), but implies a transformation that fulfills the original creation (e.g., the new Eden; cf. Rom. 8:19–22). There is both continuity and discontinuity, similar to the pattern established with Jesus’s resurrection body (see “Theological Insights” below). In the new creation, there will be no more sea, a common symbol of evil (e.g., 13 ...

828. Uncleanness Due to Childbirth

Leviticus 12:1-8

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Joe M. Sprinkle

... and multiplying and having a “quiver full” of children (Gen. 1:28; Ps. 127:3–5). Nor is there any sin involved in childbirth. Feder attempts to associate this “sin offering” with sin. Based on the similar Hittite ritual, he suggests that originally the woman performed this rite to express penitence before God for prior offenses.2But the language used in Leviticus 12 is of purification from uncleanness (“will be clean” [v. 8]), not forgiveness of sin (“will be forgiven” [cf. Lev. 4:20, 26 ...

829. Holy Days and Festivals

Le 22:17–23:22

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Joe M. Sprinkle

... This is the only place in the Old Testament where a “sabbath” is said to run from evening to evening. Rabbinic interpreters generalized to conclude that all Sabbaths were from evening to evening, although it cannot be entirely ruled out that ordinary Sabbaths originally ran from dawn to dawn. 23:33–36 Festival of Tabernacles. See Exodus 23:16; 34:22; Numbers 29:12–32; Deuteronomy 16:13–16. Tabernacles or Booths (Sukkot) is observed on 15–22 of Tishri (September/October). As a harvest festival ...

830. Setting Forth with God

Numbers 10:11-36

Teach the Text

Joe M. Sprinkle

... effect is inviting Hobab, though a non-Israelite, to identify with the larger family of God. 2. A new inheritance. Acceptance into the Israelite family means that Hobab will follow Moses to the land that God has promised Israel (v. 29). This means abandoning his original land (v. 30) and sharing in Israel’s trials and difficulties as Israel makes its pilgrimage to the land. But Hobab will be treated well by Israel (v. 29), and he will receive a share in the blessings of the land of Canaan (v. 32). Judges ...

831. The Ark Heads Home

1 Samuel 6:1-7:1

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Robert B. Chisholm Jr.

... the law says to use a male animal (bull, ram, goat) for such an offering (Lev. 1:3, 5; 22:18–19). 6:19 seventy of them. The Hebrew text and the ancient versions read “50,070 men,” a number that is impossible to accept as original. The site of ancient Beth Shemesh could not have accommodated this many people.12 A few medieval Hebrew manuscripts and Josephus support the smaller number seventy, as read by the NIV. they looked into the ark. The standard interpretation of this text is that some of the ...

832. Saul’s Finest Hour

1 Sam 11:1-15

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Robert B. Chisholm Jr.

... . They allied with the Moabite king Eglon (Judg. 3:13) and later crossed the Jordan and threatened the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, and Ephraim (10:9). They also claimed territory east of the Jordan that Israel had taken from the Amorites, arguing that it originally belonged to them (11:13). Now in Saul’s time the Ammonites are again creating problems as their king, Nahash (cf. 1 Sam. 12:12), besieges the Israelite Transjordanian town of Jabesh Gilead.1 In the scroll of Samuel found in cave 4 at Qumran ...

833. Saul Dilutes a Victory

1 Sam 14:24-52

Teach the Text

Robert B. Chisholm Jr.

... opens the door (13:14 unlocked the door) for David, who will eventually enter Saul’s court as one of these brave warriors (see 16:18). Historical and Cultural Background It is uncertain how the lot casting (14:41–42) operates. However, if we reconstruct the original text on the basis of the Septuagint, we get a better idea of what may be happening. Verses 41–42 should read as follows (italic words from LXX): Saul said to the Lord God of Israel: “Why have you not answered your servant today? If this ...

834. The Lord Guides, Encourages, and Protects David

1 Samuel 23:1-29

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Robert B. Chisholm Jr.

... in a long line of saviors, including Othniel (Judg. 3:9), Ehud (Judg. 3:15), Shamgar (Judg. 3:31), Gideon (Judg. 6:14), Tola (Judg. 10:1), Samson (Judg. 13:5), and yes, even Saul (1 Sam. 9:16). Ironically, David is now carrying out God’s original wishes for Saul, demonstrating that David has supplanted Saul as the Lord’s chosen leader. 23:3 Here in Judah we are afraid. The inclusion of “in Judah” reminds us that the Lord, speaking through his prophet, told David to “go into the land of Judah ...

835. David Listens to the Voice of Wisdom

1 Samuel 25:1-44

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Robert B. Chisholm Jr.

... s offensive response, while certainly wrong, is not worthy of death. The shedding of his blood would be unwarranted and equally wrong. David seems to concur with this (vv. 32–34). 25:30 has appointed him ruler over Israel. Abigail’s words echo both the Lord’s original announcement to Samuel that he has chosen a Benjamite to lead Israel (9:16; cf. 10:1) and his later decree that he has rejected Saul and chosen someone else to lead Israel (13:14). Her use of this term to refer to David confirms the ...

836. Bildad Has the Answer (He Thinks!)

Job 8:1-22

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Daniel J. Estes

... Job merely as a case to be solved rather than as a person in pain who needs support. As a result, Bildad comes across with a condescending tone that only makes Job hurt all the more. In his enthusiasm for stating the correct answer, Bildad overlooks his original purpose, which was to comfort his friend (2:11). Similarly, when we minister to people in pain, we must remember that though we may not be able to solve the problem, we can always salve the person. Bildad builds his case through three means: by the ...

837. Bildad’s Final Attempt to Answer Job

Job 25:1-6

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Daniel J. Estes

... woman in her home as a happy mother of children. Praise the Lord. Teaching the Text In his final speech, Bildad is short and to the point, as he concludes that humans have no hope before God. Bildad and the other friends come originally to comfort and encourage Job, but instead Bildad ends up offering the opposite. According to Bildad, no human, including Job, is able to satisfy God’s righteous standard. By speaking about the awesome dominion of God and his powerful angelic forces, Bildad emphasizes ...

838. “Lord, Our Lord, How Majestic Is Your Name in All the Earth!”

Psalm 9:1-20

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C. Hassell Bullock

... 5), and many of its proponents insist this occurred only after the Davidic monarchy ended in 586 BC. This is essentially the position of Craigie, who espouses the form critical method and insists that the messianic nuance is not incorporated into the original psalms but came subsequently to be associated with them somewhere in the history of interpretation.3While that is certainly a valid way to view the messianism of the Psalms, it seems to me that the strong prophetic hope, also reflected in the Psalter ...

839. “The Lord Looks Down . . . to See If There Are Any Who Understand”

Psalm 14:1-7

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C. Hassell Bullock

... –4) 3. God’s presence among the righteous (14:5–6) 4. Hope for Israel’s salvation (14:7) Historical and Cultural Background In view of the adaptation of Psalm 14 to fit the context of Psalm 53, the impression is that Psalm 14 is probably the original form. It belongs to the first Davidic collection (Pss. 2–41) and could, in my opinion, have been written by David. Some commentators take the clause “When the Lord restores his people” (14:7) to be a hint of the exile (so A. A. Anderson),[1] since ...

840. “I Love You, Lord, My Strength”

Psalm 18:1-50

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C. Hassell Bullock

... tabernacle and temple in a service of thanksgiving, with the congregation affirming the psalmist’s thanksgiving. Psalm 18 and 2 Samuel 22 are virtual duplicates, with only minor variations.3 Both texts may be taken from a common source, or one of them may be the original, but that is difficult to determine. The fact that the psalm is quoted in Proverbs 30:5 (18:30) and Habakkuk 3:19 (18:33) indicates that it is earlier than either of these. In addition, verse 31 contains echoes of the Song of Moses (Deut ...

841. “Your Love, Lord, Reaches to the Heavens, Your Faithfulness to the Skies”

Psalm 36:1-12

Teach the Text

C. Hassell Bullock

... a deflated view of oneself has spiritual implications. The matter here is that the evildoers who flatter themselves cannot recognize their own sin and hate it—their flattery covers it up. It is an expression of pride, sometimes defined as an overinflated view of oneself, and reflective of the original sin of Genesis 3. When confronted, Adam blamed Eve, and Eve blamed the serpent. In his lineup of the seven deadly sins, Gregory the Great insists that pride is the head sin from which all others have their ...

842. Purification after Childbirth

Leviticus 12:1-8

One Volume

Gary M. Burge

... of life and does not want himself to be misrepresented as comfortable with death, which was never part of his ideal plan. He saves people from (not in) their mortality to give them eternal life (John 3:16). 12:1–8 · Most ritual impurities originating in humans pertain to the birth-death cycle, so this section of Leviticus logically begins with the impurity of a woman who gives birth. This impurity arises from the genital flow of blood that normally follows birth. Birth of a girl keeps the mother impure ...

843. Focusing on the Core of God’s Guidance

Deut 4:44–5:33

One Volume

Gary M. Burge

... . First, Moses declares the continuity of the covenant: “not with our ancestors . . . but with us” (5:3). This has the force of “not simply with them alone,” but also refers to all who later will hear and obey. Therefore, even though the original proclamation of the Decalogue, the ten words, was given to the fathers of this generation, it is nonetheless given to the present generation as much as if they too had been present. Since God is a living God, each succeeding generation is simultaneously ...

844. Widows and Their Worries: Back to Bethlehem

Ruth 1:1-22

One Volume

Gary M. Burge

... to her future home is such that it will require the kind of break and assimilation Ruth is pledging to Naomi. In Bethlehem ( 1:18–22 ) · After such a statement of loyalty and fidelity, Naomi’s pleas stop, and they set out for Judah as originally intended (1:18). When Naomi arrives in Bethlehem without Elimelek, Kilion, and Mahlon, she shocks the city on account of the great loss so apparent in her life (1:19). When confronted by the women in town, Naomi reveals the theological grid that informs her ...

845. A Worthy Woman Meets a Worthy Man

Ruth 2:1-23

One Volume

Gary M. Burge

... herself “a foreigner,” a point further illustrated in the remark, “I do not have the standing of one of your servants” (2:10, 13). These statements reflect Ruth’s perception about her origin and not her current status as an Israelite. She assumes her foreign origin naturally disqualifies her from benefiting from Boaz’s generosity. Her overall response is characterized with grace and gratitude (2:10, 13). Thus, through the unexpected meeting and conversation, the author has established the ...

846. The Decree of Darius

Ezra 6:1-12

One Volume

Gary M. Burge

... of the treasury. Cyrus and Darius both were concerned that their subject peoples could correctly celebrate their religious rites. Cyrus put emphasis on the people’s traditions, so his decree emphasized building the temple on the original site. But the “ninety feet high” (sixty cubits) might be a mistake in the original decree or in this letter, for Solomon’s temple was ninety feet long but only forty-five feet high. In 1 Kings 6:36, “three courses of dressed stone and one course of trimmed cedar ...

847. The Jews Triumph over Their Enemies

Esther 9:1-17

One Volume

Gary M. Burge

... occurred: “The tables were turned and the Jews got the upper hand over those who hated them” (9:1). The events of the day are costly for the enemies of the Jews, as more than seventy-five thousand lose their lives. What was originally intended to be a defensive approach is described in the chapter in offensive terms, virtually depicting the Jews as calculated aggressors who violently annihilate all who hate them (9:5–10). Scholars have struggled with the grim details of this chapter, questioning the ...

848. Proverbs of Solomon

Proberbs 10:1--22:16

One Volume

Gary M. Burge

... (1) the fear of the Lord as foundational, (2) wisdom as both divine gift and human acquisition, and (3) the wise as righteous and fool as wicked will transform one’s evaluation and application of them. Furthermore, regardless of the original social setting that gave rise to such sayings, in terms of interpretation their life setting is now less important than their book setting. The assertions and admonitions of individual verses are now qualified, expanded, explained, generalized, or illustrated by the ...

849. Hermeneutical Reflections

Ecclesiastes 12:9-14

One Volume

Gary M. Burge

... adopts the typical wisdom form of address, “my son,” which does not occur elsewhere in Ecclesiastes but is prevalent in Proverbs 1–9 and 23–24. He warns the “son” against devoting equal attention to the countless other books that are not of similar origin, quality, or benefit. The NKJV offers a different suggestion: “Be admonished by these” (i.e., the texts of 12:11), unlike the king described in Ecclesiastes 4:13. In 12:13–14 is a summary of Qoheleth’s basic message, the “bottom line ...

850. Addressing Prophets and their Audiences

Jeremiah 23:9-32, Jeremiah 23:33-40

One Volume

Gary M. Burge

... by an address to the religious leaders, the prophets and priests (23:9–40). They are faulted for giving leadership in Baal worship, for personal immorality, and for being out of touch with God’s message for their time. Their message either is self-originated or comes by dreams or is borrowed from others. Jeremiah’s denunciation of his peers is sad before it is harsh (23:9–10; cf. 9:1–6). Confronting persons with their evil is difficult for a caring person. However, so strong and overpowering ...

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