... marks a tragic reversal: David mourns the death of the Lord’s anointed. 1:19 How the mighty have fallen! These words appear three times in the lament and express its primary theme (see vv. 25, 27). The appearance of the verb “fall” in a militaristic sense recalls the earlier disaster when Israel fell before the Philistines, the ark was taken, and Eli fell over and broke his neck when he heard the horrible news (1 Sam. 4:10, 18). But there is also tragic irony here, for on three earlier occasions ...
... the specific nature of Job’s adversity. Illustrating the Text God’s wisdom matches the right truth to the right situation at the right time and in the right Spirit; humans often fail to do so. Humor: Pick a common saying of popular wisdom or common sense like “Don’t put off until tomorrow the things you can do today.” Acknowledge the clear truth and wisdom in the statement. Then ask listeners what might happen if a person tried to force that truth to fit the following types of situations in his or ...
... capricious in his treatment of humans. 9:25 My days are swifter than a runner. In one respect Job’s pain seems to slow his life to a crawl (7:4). But his life also seems to be slipping away quickly without any progress. Job has the bitter sense that his life will soon be over without any resolution to his adversity or answers to his questions. 9:26 They skim past like boats of papyrus. Boats constructed from papyrus were very light and fast (cf. Isa. 18:1–2), but they were also fragile and easily ...
... and his body (2:5). In 6:9; 10:7; and 19:21 Job feels the hand of God’s affliction in his life. In the same sense, in 13:21 Job asks God to remove his affliction from him. In Psalm 32:4 the psalmist recalls how the hand of divine conviction was ... warns that it is terrifying to fall into the hands of the living God, who punishes sin severely (Heb. 10:31). In a positive sense, in Psalm 139:5 the hand of God is regarded as the psalmist’s continual protection. Teaching the Text Although friends can often ...
... turns toward God in his need. 16:22 Only a few years will pass before I take the path of no return. Job has the profound sense that time is running out for God to come to his help, so once again (cf. 3:25–26; 7:21; 10:21–22) he expresses ... semi-existence in which the dead are trapped. Job’s hope will not come in his death, for the grave cannot restore to him a sense of family. Theological Insights Job feels that he has been treated so poorly by others that people even spit in his face (17:6), which ...
... young at risk (39:14–15; cf. Lam. 4:3). She is easily distracted, so she appears to neglect her young (39:16), although this could also be construed as a strategy to draw predators away from them. The ostrich has not been given wisdom or good sense by God (39:17), for reasons that only he knows. It does, however, have great speed, which enables it to run away from a horse. In fact, ostriches have been timed running at fifty miles per hour, and they also have great maneuverability. These enigmatic features ...
... righteous) with your favor (positive; 5:11–12). Historical and Cultural Background Some interpreters take the references to “house” and “temple” in 5:7 to exclude the psalm from David’s authorship. In that case, “of David” would probably mean “for David” in the sense of a dedication. Yet the tabernacle at Shiloh is called a “house” in 1 Samuel 1:7, 9, even though it was a tent. It may be that David’s intense desire to build the temple already shapes his vocabulary. There is also ...
... open up the marvels of God’s Word. Two terms can provide that opportunity here. The first term is “what” (mah), which is translated “how” in the refrain (8:1, 9) and “what” in verse 4. In the refrain it is used in an exclamatory sense, “How!” (We also use it like this; e.g., “What a beautiful day!” By that we express our surprise or excitement or wonder.) David uses it to express wonder at who God is: “How majestic!” Human language is often inadequate to express our human thoughts ...
... praise of God. This is the first time, in fact, that God is addressed, and it is a prayer that God’s “unfailing love” may be upon Israel as they hope in him. Theological Insights The Old Testament does not systematize its theology in any formal sense, but this psalm is as good a treatise on the providence of God as we have in the Psalter. Citing the primordial events of providence, the “new song” that the congregation sings begins with creation, drawing on Genesis 1 and Moses’s Song of the Sea ...
... 4, 5, 7a, 11, 16, 17b, 18, 22a, 23, 25, 26b, 27b, 29, 31, 37b). Their gist is that the righteous have a relationship with God, who is just, does justice, and honors the just. While we will never find the answer to the problem of injustice in the sense of “this is why,” it is nevertheless in that relationship that we find the solution—which, of course, is not an answer as such but a program for dealing with its reality. In fact, twice David says, “Do good” (37:3, 27), and do not take revenge. It is ...
... ) merge into the story of the ancestors (lit., “fathers”; 39:12), an allusion to Abraham and his family, who were foreigners in Canaan. Even though they had permanent domicile there, the land still did not belong to them. The writer to the Hebrews has caught the sense of Abraham’s dilemma: “By faith he made his home in the promised land like a stranger in a foreign country; he lived in tents, as did Isaac and Jacob, who were heirs with him of the same promise. For he was looking forward to the city ...
... finishes with it, and then death will be swallowed up in victory (1 Cor. 15:54). God makes death work for him in that it is a reminder that there is one boundary we cannot cross and that we are ultimately not in control—God is. In this sense it turns us toward God. After dealing with the problem, we may then consider the “solution,” which Psalm 49 announces in two ways. The first is in the refrain of verses 12 and 20, which captures the essence of the solution and closes the second and third stanzas ...
... classified as a maskil. Psalm 32 is the first of thirteen psalms that have this term (see the comments on the title for Ps. 32). While its meaning is not known for certain, the basic meaning of the term, “to be skilled” / “to teach,” makes a lot of sense here, since Psalm 52 seeks to teach the lesson that wealth, and the arrogant abuse that often goes along with it, will meet with God’s judgment and be known by the epitaph of 52:7. The type of Psalm 52 is elusive. Goldingay suggests that it is a ...
... was paid. After the testimony, connect the person’s story to Psalm 55 (especially vv. 12–14). You may also want to connect the passage and the testimony to the betrayal of Jesus by Judas in Matthew 26. God will always be faithful. Applying the Text: The sense of betrayal is not an uncommon human experience. If we live in this world for any length of time, chances are we will experience what we feel is a betrayal from someone we believed was trustworthy. Maybe it is a friend who turned his or her back ...
... psalmist’s prayer in Psalm 119:18: “Open my eyes that I may see wonderful things in your law.” As we peruse the psalm, we will notice that the doctrines of both creation and redemption come into view, but in reverse order. In a sense we could say that all other biblical doctrines fall under these two. Redemption: When we were overwhelmed by sins, you forgave our transgressions. (65:3) We may make the observation that the doctrine of redemption, seen on its macrocosmic scale as the redemption of Israel ...
... as a joyful response to the truth: that the King of kings notices our work and responds, “Well done, thou good and faithful servant.” Work is part of the plan of God. Work is essential not only to our financial well-being but also to our sense of self-esteem, our feeling of satisfaction with life in general, and as therapy in times of great distress. Our work allows us to be partners with God in the provision of the world’s needs. It is important then that we enthusiastically give our best, whatever ...
... ). Sinners were responsible for bringing sacrifices only when they knew that they had sinned (cf. James 4:17). The reparation offering (see below) is for inadvertently misappropriating something sacred (5:14–16); the possibility of sacrilege, even when the cause of a sense of guilt is not known (5:17–19); and deliberately misusing God’s name in a false oath to defraud another person (6:1–7). The burnt offering already functioned as an expiatory sacrifice, so we can assume that it continued to remedy ...
... of crisis one must be prepared. There will be no time to make provision. Exactly why there is a prohibition against going into one’s house is not clear. (Would it be any safer outside?) The saying is probably meant to be taken figuratively in the sense of the need to be mentally and spiritually prepared. In the Lucan context true spirituality involves a correct attitude toward possessions. One who rushes back to a house to get personal belongings is not ready to meet the Lord. That one is like Lot’s ...
... , so that no one but they can go on the hunt? If an ordinary man would do such a thing, he would rightly be called a thief … but when the rulers do something of this sort, they cannot be thieves because they are the rulers.… In the same sense, Blessed Augustine says in The City of God: ‘What else are the great kingdoms but great robberies?’ In the same place he tells this story: ‘When Alexander the Great asked a pirate who had been taken prisoner how he dared to infest the safety of the sea, he ...
... similar to the sequence of vv. 3–4, see Hos. 2:19–20; Amos 5:14–15; 2 Pet. 1:5–7; Wisd. of Sol. 6:18–21. Gaugler offers a trenchant description of hope: “In the testimony of the apostle hope is, according to the original Hebrew sense, a connection stretching from God to us, in which the human creature, even in the midst of the pressure of opposition, possesses an eternal standpoint. Hope is like a rope stretching between the Now and Then, so that the Then in Christ is already realized. Hope is ...
... the same thing (positive), and that there not be divisions among them (negative), but that they be perfectly united in the same mind and in the same conviction (positive). The word mind, which Paul uses in the last phrase, usually has the sense of disposition or mentality; the word translated here as thought may be rendered “judgment,” “opinion,” “advice,” and “consent” (see 7:25, 40; 2 Cor. 8:10; Phlm. 14). In this christologically focused appeal for unity, Paul is making a plea similar to ...
... ’s quotation. More literally the citation says, Things which an eye did not see and an ear did not hear and on a human heart did not come up— things which God prepared for the ones loving him. Viewed in this more literal form and wording, the sense of Paul’s statement is more intelligible. By mentioning the eye, ear, and heart Paul registers that humans (in “this age”) did not and could not perceive God’s will and work. All of these are things that God has prepared for those who love him. Thus ...
... unto destruction of the flesh, in order that the spirit may be saved in the day of the Lord.” What does he mean? The mention of the day of the Lord qualifies Paul’s instructions from the perspective of future, final, apocalyptic eschatology. Thus, to grasp the sense of Paul’s directions we must think in terms of a future day of final divine judgment that relativizes all current earthly existence. For Paul, the day of the Lord would bring the end to all the forces of evil (see 1 Cor. 15; 1 Thess. 4 ...
... one spirit that unites them. 6:18 Paul’s command to the Corinthians is both brief and clear, “Flee fornication!” The sense of the words that follow are not, however, so easily discernible: All other sins a man commits are outside his body, but ... part of the question that began at the outset of the verse: Do you not know that … you are not your own? The sense is self-evident: the Corinthians are neither autonomous individuals nor an autonomous community of human beings. God founded, forms, and holds a ...
... or perfection (an issue in earlier portions of the letter), Paul makes a pointed rebuttal, “Not yet!” (Gk. oupō). 8:3 In juxtaposition to and as a replacement of the assertion of “knowledge” by “someone,” Paul writes, “But if someone loves God!” The sense of Paul’s contrasting declaration is this: It is what God does—God’s knowing the believer, not the believer’s knowing—that produces the worthwhile result: a believer who loves God. 8:4 In 8:1 Paul made a general reference to idol ...