... and Saul’s guilt; as such they contribute powerfully to the narrator’s agenda of exonerating David and indicting Saul. what he has done has benefited you greatly. In this context more than simple beneficial action is in view. Jonathan counts David as Saul’s “servant” and stresses that he has done no wrong against Saul. Consequently David’s good deeds can be viewed as loyal actions on Saul’s behalf.5 19:5 The Lord won a great victory for all Israel, and you saw it and were glad. Jonathan’s ...
... case the statement does indicate the speaker’s willingness to carry out the wishes of the addressee and play the role, as it were, of a servant, at least in the specific situation in which they find themselves. 20:8 show kindness to your servant. David views himself as Saul’s servant (17:32, 34, 36), a fact that Jonathan appeals to in his defense of David (19:4). Since Jonathan is the king’s son and heir apparent (20:31), David calls himself “your servant” when speaking to Jonathan (vv. 7–8 ...
... later on will be proved false. Bildad’s strength is his logical analysis, by which he can develop arguments that are convincing, at least to him and the other friends. However, his strength also proves to be his weakness, because his logic causes him to view Job merely as a case to be solved rather than as a person in pain who needs support. As a result, Bildad comes across with a condescending tone that only makes Job hurt all the more. In his enthusiasm for stating the correct answer, Bildad overlooks ...
... his attention on how the proud wicked are humbled (20:6–11). Those who are elevated in their status, as Job has been esteemed as the greatest man in the East, will have to suffer a downfall that fits their great sin. Those who at one time viewed them with respect will come to scorn them. What they have extorted from the poor, their children will have to repay. Zophar pictures a reversal, in which those who were formerly rich and powerful will have to go cap in hand to those whom they previously oppressed ...
... from the Lord’s perspective: 1. Description of the way of the righteous (1:1–3) 2. Description of the way of the wicked (1:4) 3. Comparison of the two ways from Yahweh’s perspective (1:5–6) Historical and Cultural Background This psalm has been viewed both as an early and as a later poem. Based on the content, it is difficult to make this call, especially due to the wisdom language, since wisdom thought and literature are ancient, both in Israel and the ancient Near East. Most likely, it is a later ...
... . 4). Outline/Structure Psalm 14 falls into four parts: 1. The fool’s perspective (14:1) 2. God’s perspective (14:2–4) 3. God’s presence among the righteous (14:5–6) 4. Hope for Israel’s salvation (14:7) Historical and Cultural Background In view of the adaptation of Psalm 14 to fit the context of Psalm 53, the impression is that Psalm 14 is probably the original form. It belongs to the first Davidic collection (Pss. 2–41) and could, in my opinion, have been written by David. Some commentators ...
... of the holy people who are in the land . . . “They are the noble ones.” These very difficult verses are generally viewed in one of two ways. The first approach views verse 3 as an affirmation of the loyal devotion of the psalmist expressed in verses 1 and 2. The NIV adopts ... bloody sacrifices (the blood was “poured out”) or libations made by individuals who had blood on their hands.[10] In view of my preference for the first interpretation above (see the comments on 16:3), I would then choose the first ...
... the relationship of these two psalms, although his proposal that they are paired as “petition and answer”[3] may not be entirely convincing, since Psalm 20 is not precisely petition. In the first part, at least, it is blessing. It is more likely that we ought to view Psalm 21:1–6 as the congregation’s confession (note the first plural of 21:13, “we”) that the Lord has made their blessing of the king (20:1–5) a reality. While the blessing of Psalm 20 was spoken by the congregation to the king ...
... other and proclaim a message that the compiler of the book wanted to get across. This is illustrated in the relationship of Psalms 22 and 23. That is, Psalm 22 closes with the vision of a great feast in the kingdom of God (22:29) with a view to proclaiming the Lord’s righteousness (22:31). As a follow-up, Psalm 23 relates that, indeed, the Lord leads in “paths of righteousness” (23:3a ESV; NIV: “right paths”). The festival imagery is picked up in 23:5, both images affirming the present and ongoing ...
... “day and night,” one indicating the emotional depth of his longing and the other the extent of it in time. The concluding question is a summary of the taunting words of the psalmist’s enemies who deride him because he cannot go to the temple, obviously in view of their knowledge that he longs so deeply to do so. See also Psalm 115:2. 42:4 These things I remember . . . how I used to go to the house of God.The phrase “these things” connected to the verb “remember” implies that he is thinking ...
... do not long as deeply to receive as God longs to give. Teaching the Text We might call the Old Testament a “glimpse book,” giving us glimpses of the future of God’s kingdom and its leaders. Psalm 45 is a chapter in that book, a picture view of the ideal king, snapped by this talented poet on the occasion of the king’s wedding, and gaining messianic clarity, like the increasing clarity of a photo,12as history moves toward its climax in the appearance of the King of kings. A sermon/lesson can be built ...
... , 7, and 11 (see NIV footnote) insist that the refrain of 46:7 and 11 originally stood after 46:3 also, and they generally divide the poem into three parts (46:1–3, 4–7, and 8–11). There is probably no compelling reason to endorse this view, since Hebrew poetry does not exhibit the same kind of symmetry we expect of classical Western poetry,6and, further, the meaning of selah remains somewhat in doubt.7We will follow the two-part division, which seems to align with the content a little better than the ...
... melek rab, 48:2). And if there be any doubt about its identity, doubt no longer, because the city is Mount Zion (48:2, 11, 12), where the temple stands (48:9) and where God takes his place “in her citadels” (48:3). From that summit we can view Zion with the kings (48:4) and admire her towers and citadels with the pilgrims as they make their circular inspection (48:12–13). In a literary sense we have “ascended amid shouts of joy” and “sounding of trumpets” (47:5), and in a religious sense we ...
... the new era of exile, and installing the prayer of Moses, the man of God, at the beginning of the collection (Ps. 90). Like Moses of Psalm 90, David prays in a prophetic voice (see the comments on 71:17) for this God-forsaken community (71:11). In view of the awesome challenge of this new era, David, as his strength is failing, prays one last prayer for the next generation (71:18), rehearsing God’s mighty deeds on behalf of his people, much like Moses prays a final prayer for Israel (Deut. 33). Psalm 72 ...
Big Idea: Prayer for the blessing of the nations is also a prayer for the poor and needy of the world. Understanding the Text Psalm 72 is generally classified as a royal psalm. This means its focus is on the king and his kingdom. Some commentators view it as a coronation psalm, which is a little difficult to see because it does not have the same references to the establishment of the kingship as does Psalm 2:7. However, it could have been used in some capacity when Israelite kings were crowned. It is one ...
... to crises and deliverances, which lead to royal counter decrees. At the center of each chapter the question of God’s ability to deliver is asked and answered in the affirmative. When read together, these narratives keep Judah’s “seventy-year” exile in view by setting Babylon’s first king opposite its last, recalling the parameters of the prologue (1:1, 21). Taken alone, Daniel 3 reflects a concentric structure with three pairs and a center section.1 A Nebuchadnezzar’s first decree to worship the ...
... that God would then turn and punish David for doing the very thing he has incited him to do. It is no wonder that the historian of 1–2 Chronicles would have reworked this passage. Yet there is more to the replacement of the Lord with “Satan”: the view of the Chronicler represents a later theological development in thinking, one that imposes a strict separation between good and evil. Such a clean separation does not exist in most of the Old Testament. It is worth pausing to consider the Old Testament ...
... converted Naaman asks for a wheelbarrow of earth, since he has to—on official duty—enter the equivalent of a Baal temple but is determined that his allegiance will not waver. Though Elisha refuses any recompense, his servant Gehazi has a rather different view of the matter (5:19–27), and Gehazi’s avaricious behavior begins with an oath (“as the Lord lives,” ironic in light of the healing of the boy in the previous chapter). After Gehazi secures a useful amount of material goods, the awkwardness ...
... in his closing soliloquy (Job 29–31), and God’s speeches stand in contrast to each other, perhaps in contest with one another. The space and territory each occupies affects their respective outlooks. (1) Even though God has not appeared to Job, Job nevertheless views God as looking in on him and humanity (31:4, 6, 14–15). God is “with” Job, though not physically. But God abolishes the notion that Job is truly with God (“Where were you?” 38:4). God purges Job from attendance at and knowledge ...
... male and female owners and household servants. The male housekeepers (= arms, cf. 2 Sam. 15:16) shake, while the “strong” men (= legs, probably designating financial or character strength) bend or grow crooked. The miller maids (= molars) have become too few to grind, while the view through the windows for the ladies of leisure is obscured (= eyes, cf. Judg. 5:28; 2 Kings 9:30). The double doors to the street (= ears, possibly lips, cf. Job 41:14) are shut tight, so that outdoor noises grow faint (12:4a ...
... 22 · A prayer of anguish:The poet encourages Judah to meet her frustration and grief in the presence of the Lord and to pray on behalf of the children. The encouragement is addressed to the city walls, which are personified (2:18). The metaphor is apt in view of night watches maintained on the walls. In verses 20–22 the people offer prayer, or the poet prays on their behalf. The appeal to the Lord is made on the basis of lack of precedent (whom have you ever treated like this?) and compassion. A report ...
... and for Greeks because God the judge is impartial (2:11). The phrase “first for the Jew” (2:9b) clarifies the target of Paul’s argument: the assumption of pious Jews is that they have privileges with regard to the day of judgment; this claim collapses in view of God’s impartiality. In 2:12–16 Paul introduces the law into the discussion for two reasons. The law records God’s standards for the last judgment, which has been the topic since 1:18; and pious Jews appealed to the law as God’s good ...
... seed” (3:16), precludes the idea that the Israelites, even if they had been capable of following the Mosaic law, would have been the earlier covenant’s fulfillment. (This is what Paul means when he points out that a multifaceted fulfillment was never in view as would be implied if the covenant had specified “and to seeds” [3:16].) The apostle is not being overly literal with the term “seed.” He only wishes to remind his readers of what they, and the opponents, have come to know, namely, that ...
... values in the overseers list in 3:1–7. Paul mentions these wealthy individuals directly at 6:17–19. In addition, Paul expects some leaders will need to be paid for their service to the church (these, in the opinion of most interpreters, are in view in 6:8–10). Skill in administration is vital to the life of God’s household, and Paul’s placing this section next to the widows’ passage suggests that some of the difficulties in Ephesus were a result of a breakdown in administration. However, even ...
... God’s Son as “the man Christ Jesus,” and in Titus 2:11; 3:4 as “the grace of God,” and, “the kindness and love of God.”) By saying that God gives things “for our enjoyment” (6:17), Paul underscores the Bible’s view of the absolute, and therefore redeemable, good of all God’s creation. Second, wealth creates possibilities for cultivating virtue and for benefiting one’s community. Paul asks the Christian rich to be as generous with their resources as their pagan counterparts: “to do ...