... from a historical identification with Adam in verses 7–13 to a personal and existential lament in verses 14ff. The contrast between the spirituality of the law and the unspirituality of humanity dominates the thought until the end of the chapter. The style and mood evoke startling pathos We know, confesses Paul, that the law is spiritual. That is not an isolated opinion, but the summary judgment of Judaism: “And these are they that have no share in the world to come: … he that says that the law is ...
... not change their fundamental enmity from God and others. Those controlled by the sinful nature cannot please God (see Heb. 11:6). 8:9–11 Paul now departs from the fulminations of the flesh and turns to the hopeful certainty of the Spirit. The mood shift, accompanied by a shift in person from the third to second person, thus reassures Paul’s readers of the Spirit’s personal advocacy in their lives. The chief idea is that the Spirit unites the objective achievement of Christ’s sacrifice of atonement ...
... makes no peace with oppression.” 12:10–13 Ten poignant examples of agapē comprise this section, all of which are cast in parallel form. Each begins in Greek with a substantive in the dative case which is followed by a response in the participial mood; i.e., first a virtue, then an action with respect to it. The sequence is enclosed between two homophones in Greek, Philadelphia (brotherly love, v. 10) and philoxenia (hospitality, v. 13). The following attempts to reproduce the flavor of the original: In ...
... as though he has caused the whole world to perish” (m. Sanh. 4.5). 14:19–21 A significant textual variant occurs in the Greek text of v. 19 (make every effort [Gk. diōkein, “pursue”]). The oldest and best manuscripts report the indicative mood (Gk. diōkōmen), which would mean that since we are members of God’s kingdom we do in fact make every effort for peace and edification. In terms of manuscript evidence this reading has the stronger support and is therefore preferred by many commentators ...
... its traits, now saying that it “bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, and endures all things” (NIV:always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres). In short, love defines and directs Christian life, although Paul’s meditative mood is too poetic to allow him to make such a conventional declaration. The problem with Paul’s own elegant description of love is that later misreadings and misuses of this contemplation reinterpret love as if it were being gullible or ...
... a consummation or completion of an ongoing process. The readers of this text should recognize that the language of this passage is deliberate and revealing in Gk. Paul signals the future quality of these reflections by using a series of verbs in the subjunctive mood in vv. 24, 25, 27, 28: somewhat lit. “he shall abolish” (v. 24), “he shall put” (v. 25), “he shall say” (v. 27), “all things shall be subjected,” and “God may/shall be” (v. 28). 15:25 The temporal qualifier until (Gk. achri ...
... of a good God are found, where a faithful people can experience a measure of God’s shalom this side of God’s final victory over the Evil One (cf. Mark 1:12–13). In fact, the verb, care (trephosin), is given in the subjunctive mood, indicating that the nurture (rather than the discouragement) of the messianic community is God’s real intent for their desert home. 12:7–9 The exaltation of Christ into heaven, which begins the church’s sojourn in the wilderness (12:6), also concludes (contra Caird ...
... had received the Lord’s Spirit and may record that although Saul remained king, he could no longer function as a representative of God. David had replaced him in that role and would eventually replace him as king. What characterizes Saul now are terrible depressive moods that are depicted as the result of an evil spirit from the LORD. All circumstances, good and evil, pleasant or unpleasant, were seen as coming from the all-powerful Lord. The evil spirit in this instance is as likely to be a bad temper as ...
... crossing. 19:18b–20 The calmly persuasive Shimei seen here is very different from the ranting, maniacal stone thrower of ch. 16. It seems unbelievable that, however great the danger, he could have lowered himself to be prostrate before David. Perhaps the severe mood swings and the periods of great hatred resulting in uncontrolled violence were part of a genetically inherited condition shared by Shimei and Saul. 19:21–22 Abishai, Joab’s brother, is again described as a son of Zeruiah. The women in Joab ...
... up his life-sustaining spirit so that it returns to its source in God. While this is certainly part of the ironic and playful context in which Eliphaz speaks, most commentators understand ruakh here as a “state of mind” (Clines) or a “dominant mood” (Hartley). A “spirit” of anger leveled at God is influencing Job’s thinking and preventing him from perceiving and accepting the “consolations” of God where they are to be found. Additional Notes 15:11 It is most likely that the Heb. laʾat ...
... for a time table, but a demand for Job’s immediate silence and submission! Bildad’s assessment of Job is not just that he is unreasonable, but that he lacks the basic perceptive ability that is the hallmark of wisdom. Continuing in the jussive mood, he demands that Job be sensible, “perceive,” or “understand” (the meaning of the Heb. verb byn) before they continue the discussion. This explains Job’s refusal to capitulate to the friends’ arguments as no failing in the friends, but a lack of ...
... ’s circumstances but from the poetic imagery of a face-to-face relationship evident elsewhere in the psalm. It may be an echo of the Aaronic Benediction, “May Yahweh cause his face to give light to you” (Num. 6:25, lit.). The change of mood reflected in this psalm is remarkable. One may be tempted to think its composer was manic-depressive or perhaps a nervous pietist who thought he should tack on some positive praise to soften his harsh complaint. Some commentators seem to suggest that the speaker ...
... their heart, and turn for me to heal them” (as cited in Matt. 13:14b–15, RSV). There are three major differences between the LXX and the Hebrew: (1) The verbs of Isa. 6:9 (=Matt. 13:14b) are in the future tense and not in the imperative mood. Thus Isa. 6:9 is no longer interpreted as an attempt to prevent hearing and seeing, but it is now recognized as a prediction of the refusal to hear and see. (2) The causative imperatives of Isa. 6:10 (“Make the heart … fat … close their ears … shut their ...
... had received the Lord’s Spirit and may record that although Saul remained king, he could no longer function as a representative of God. David had replaced him in that role and would eventually replace him as king. What characterizes Saul now are terrible depressive moods that are depicted as the result of an evil spirit from the LORD. All circumstances, good and evil, pleasant or unpleasant, were seen as coming from the all-powerful Lord. The evil spirit in this instance is as likely to be a bad temper as ...
... to “grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ” (2 Pet. 3:18). He longs for his readers to enter more and more fully into the richness of their inheritance in Christ. The verb plēthyntheiē is in the optative mood, infrequent in the NT, and conveys not merely a wish but effective impartation—as in Mark 11:14 (“May no one ever eat fruit from you again!”), where the optative in this instance expresses nothing less than a curse. The thought of “peace abounding” is ...
... is faithful and just, will (a) forgive us our sins and (b) purify us from all unrighteousness. Literally, the verse says, If we confess our sins, he is faithful (pistos) and just (dikaios), with the result that he will forgive (hina aphē; hina with the subjunctive mood is here a result or consecutive clause) us the sins and cleanse (katharizō, purify; cf. v. 7) us from all unrighteousness (adikias). He is God, as in vv. 6–7. His character is faithful and just. That is, he is true to his people and to ...
... their joy in personal relationship with Yahweh the lawgiver. 5:6 Thirdly, God’s redemptive initiative of grace is presented as the foundation of the law. This majestic opening chord of the Decalogue, identical with Exodus 20:2, launches it in the indicative, not the imperative mood. The demands of the law are based on who God is (the LORD your God: i.e., Yahweh in relation to his people) and on what God has done (who brought you out: i.e., his historical act of saving grace). This is a crucial perspective ...
... context of widespread liberation from debt and release of slaves, based upon the historical recollection of God’s own liberation of the Israelite slaves from Egypt (Deut. 15). And at the Feast of Tabernacles, the reading of the law will be engulfed in the mood of harvest-time gratitude to God (Deut. 16:13ff.). Thus, the law would forever be heard alongside the memories of historical redemption and in the midst of rejoicing at the generosity of God’s grace. If only the law had gone on being heard (and ...
... wasted time in doing the same. The royal officials have already been to see David (v. 47)—the very group whose Judean members Adonijah had been trying to seduce to his cause (1:9). By the time Jonathan has finished speaking, the guests are in no mood to linger. They disperse, and Adonijah seeks refuge in the sanctuary (took hold of the horns of the altar, v. 50: compare 2:28–29 for the location of the altar in the sacred tent), apparently confident that Solomon will not inflict violence upon him there ...
... of a happy, unified kingdom stretching from Egypt to the Euphrates very much corresponds to the picture in chapter 4. It will not be so very long now, however, before Israelites will be found going “to their tents” for a very different reason and in a very different mood (12:16). The days of joy are strictly numbered—as 9:1–9 will now suggest. 9:1–9 The first occasion upon which God appeared to Solomon (1 Kgs. 3:4–15) marked the beginning of Solomon’s rise to greatness; he was endowed with the ...
... of a happy, unified kingdom stretching from Egypt to the Euphrates very much corresponds to the picture in chapter 4. It will not be so very long now, however, before Israelites will be found going “to their tents” for a very different reason and in a very different mood (12:16). The days of joy are strictly numbered—as 9:1–9 will now suggest. 9:1–9 The first occasion upon which God appeared to Solomon (1 Kgs. 3:4–15) marked the beginning of Solomon’s rise to greatness; he was endowed with the ...
... of the faith (cf. Heb. 11:37–38). For like the words that Elijah speaks in its midst, the cave harks back to the situation of oppression under Jezebel when other prophets were hidden in a cave (18:4, 13). It is a dark place for someone in a dark mood, and it is significant that God’s attempt to change Elijah’s thinking is closely tied to an attempt to get him out of the cave (v. 11). It is also significant that Elijah is so reluctant to come out and face God (vv. 11–13)—does he fear that ...
... of the faith (cf. Heb. 11:37–38). For like the words that Elijah speaks in its midst, the cave harks back to the situation of oppression under Jezebel when other prophets were hidden in a cave (18:4, 13). It is a dark place for someone in a dark mood, and it is significant that God’s attempt to change Elijah’s thinking is closely tied to an attempt to get him out of the cave (v. 11). It is also significant that Elijah is so reluctant to come out and face God (vv. 11–13)—does he fear that ...
... with the chief priests and the elders of the people and he told a parable about a man who had two sons. The man went to the first one and said, “Son, I want you to work in the vineyard today.” The older son was in a somewhat rebellious mood and answered, “No way!” But afterwards he felt bad about his response and went and did what he was expected to do. The father went to the second son, the younger boy, and made the same request of him. “Sure, Pop,” said the second son, but he never did ...
... we deal with our lives. Our parents are not responsible for the choices we make. Our spouse is not responsible for the choices we make. And the universe is not responsible for the choices we make. It’s like a little girl who was once in a very bad mood. She took her frustration out on her younger brother. At first she just teased him. Eventually she punched him. Then she pulled his hair and kicked him in the shins. The boy could take it all--and even dish back a few blows--until the kicking began. That ...