... sacrifice and suffering. The hosannas of the people will come to pass through the cross, and tragedy is the true path to triumph. Teaching the Text 1. Jesus undoes the messianic secret. Jesus has refused to divulge his true messianic identity to the crowds due to their false understanding (see at 1:34) and the fact that he has truly come to be the Suffering Servant (10:45). But now, in a series of three events (11:1–11; 12:35–37; 14:62), he reveals his nature and purpose to all, and at the Last Supper ...
... it is to rule over all nations (see the sidebar “The Son of Man” at 5:12–26), is to be subject to human power. This prediction summarizes what is more fully spelled out in 9:22 and especially 18:31–32. 9:45 They did not understand. Luke emphasizes the point by repeating it in different words three times in this one verse, in striking contrast to Jesus’s instruction to “listen carefully” (9:44). By further adding that they were afraid to ask Jesus, he suggests that they failed not so much in ...
... : an embarrassing extra (why do the other evangelists not narrate it [though there is a hint in John 20:17]?) or a necessary conclusion to Jesus’s life on earth? What would be missing from our theology if we had no account of the ascension? How does modern understanding of the cosmos (is heaven “up”?) affect our reading of the story? 3. Does 24:46–47 give an appropriate summary of the gospel? What else might we have wanted to add? Is it correct to see all this as derived from Scripture (24:44–45 ...
... 10; see also Gal. 2:20–21; 3:6, 21–22; 5:5; Phil. 3:9). To be sure, Paul refers to faith as the basis of receiving God’s righteousness three times in Romans 1:16–17 alone. The transformative view of the phrase “righteousness of God” understands the action of God as transforming the sinner. In support of this view one could point to the apostle’s words in 1:16: the gospel is the saving power of God. Moreover, as mentioned before, all the key terms in Romans 1:16–17, including “righteousness ...
... .21). And Epictetus wrote, “Every sin involves a contradiction. For since he who sins does not wish to sin, but to be right, it is clear that he is not doing what he wishes” (Disc. 2.26.1–2; cf. 2.26.4–5). Much further removed from Paul’s understanding is the Platonic notion of soma-sema: the body is the prison of the soul because the two are at war with each other. Interpretive Insights 7:13 Did that which is good, then, become death to me? By no means! Verse 13 states the thesis of 7:13–25 ...
... the Roman Christians. Phoebe’s authority as patron and deaconess will reinforce the reading’s solemnity. The Roman Christians should respond to Paul’s letter by providing hospitality for Phoebe and joining their resources with hers to launch Paul’s mission to Spain. Understanding the Text Romans 16:1–2 continues the document clause of Paul’s covenant letter to the Roman Christians (15:14–16:27). Romans 16:1–27 divides into five units: Phoebe and Paul’s mission to Spain (16:1–2) Paul’s ...
... residence. The robes he wears set him apart, demanding obedience and respect. Then, one day everything changes; he is kidnapped, escapes, and ultimately loses all the accoutrements of his position, becoming unknown among the destitute of society. Loneliness sinks deep into his soul until he understands his calling and knows he is not fit to be a leader. He knows that all he can do is pray, and he says to the Lord, “I have been blind to many things. My intellect is weak. I have not seen how many-sided ...
... . By contrasting the gifts’ purposes in this way, Paul is able to affirm tongue speaking as a God-directed gift while exposing its lack of value for public worship. The problem, then, is not the gift of tongues but the setting of its exercise. Since no one understands the speaker, there is no message and no one is built up.[3] Paul’s objective is not to belittle the gift but to correct those who use it to promote themselves in the community. Paul does not deny the spiritual benefit tongues may have for ...
... separation unto God can motivate us like nothing else to do kingdom work in this world. See, for instance, the insightful and inspirational comments by Keener on the need to work for economic justice.4This is just one application that flows out of an understanding of holiness as separation unto God in this world. 2. Holiness means being separated from the world. Of course, the first part of 18:4 is “come out of her,” a call to refuse to embrace Babylon-like attitudes, such as arrogance, self-sufficiency ...
... to his three friends in 6:24–30, Job turns away from them in chapter 7. In 7:1–6, Job discloses his inner feelings by speaking in a soliloquy, much as an actor in a play might address the audience in an aside so that they can understand what the character is thinking or feeling. Although Job does indeed have issues with his friends, his overriding complaint is against God (7:7–21), whom he thinks has not treated him rightly. Throughout the remainder of the book, Job more and more will turn away from ...
... be the spokesperson for wisdom. By exhorting Job to listen, Eliphaz assumes the role of the learned teacher, and he places Job in the role of the ignorant student. If Job would just stop talking, then he could listen to Eliphaz and learn from one who really understands how life works. 15:20–24 All his days the wicked man suffers torment. In 8:13–19, Bildad described what the wicked can expect in the future. Here in 15:20–24, Eliphaz uses startling language as he expounds on how the wicked, not just ...
... searches for God in the east, west, north, and south but is incapable of finding him. This hiddenness of God prompts Job to wonder if God is not there, or if he is there but not willing to communicate with Job. This silence of God is difficult for Job to understand or to accept, just as it is for many of the psalmists (e.g., Ps. 13:1–2). The language of divine testing is used frequently in the Old Testament. In Genesis 22, God tests Abraham’s faith by directing him to offer up his son Isaac as a ...
... David, a man of war, who also used horses in warfare, at least in a limited way (see “Historical and Cultural Background” in the unit on Ps. 20). So the aphorism of 32:9 (“Do not be like the horse or the mule, which have no understanding but must be controlled by bit and bridle”) belongs naturally to the general context of the psalm. Consequently we may not be compelled to assign the psalm to wisdom thinking. Rather, this is just the way a man like David would have thought. Delitzsch has proposed ...
... he is not as dogmatic as they are. The writer of Psalm 38 does not even try to explain his illness—he just operates on the assumption that sin is its root cause. Interpretive Insights Title A petition. See the introduction to “Understanding the Text.” The term for “petition” (lehazkir), which also appears in the heading of Psalm 70, may be explained by the appearance of the same term in 1 Chronicles 16:4: “to extol [lehazkir, or “make petition”], thank, and praise.” Wilson relates ...
... against Israel, the kind that one would expect in a court of law (e.g., Hosea 4:1).2As a rule this form is identified by the term “dispute” (rib), which does not appear in this psalm. Further, the psalm is more a corrective to Israel’s understanding of sacrifice than an indictment. The psalm is the first of the Asaph psalms and the only one in Book 2, separated from the other eleven that are located in Book 3 (Pss. 73–83). Like other Asaph psalms, it exhibits a prophetic character in its inclusion ...
... , at the same time, thankful for his mercy. 3. Times of trouble. Persecution by ungodly people may cause us to question God’s justice and fairness. But knowing that God will judge such people in his time can help us endure faithfully. Trying to understand why God allows the wicked to prosper can be a fruitless pursuit. Although our sin may likely be involved, the sin of our persecutor is equally visible before a watching God. Encourage your listeners to trust God through the darkness of suffering and to ...
... because we typically see faith as something that we provide, instead of something that God gives to us. But faith can only happen when we allow God to give it to us. We come to faith through God’s initiative, not ours. When we gain this understanding, we begin to see faith as giving in to the power of God and permitting that power to have control over our lives. The eloquent preacher John Claypool remembers when he had this epiphany regarding faith. He stated, “Faith is not believing in the unbelievable ...
... right to a person, but in the end it is the way to death.” “Do not rely on your own insight.” You don’t have to understand to know that God has a plan. Trust him. He knows what is best. Take a look at verse six: In all your ways acknowledge him. ... ’s message: Even when you don’t see a way, God will make a way. (http://rickwarren.org/devotional/english/trusting-god-when-i-don't-understand) I can’t tell you how many times this has been true in my own life. Every time I have faced a dead end it has ...
... four the two sets of brothers, Peter and Andrew, James and John. Matthew’s designation of Peter as first (v. 2) probably means first and foremost rather than first in the list. Since Mark wrote his Gospel as it came to him through Peter, it is understandable that this reference would be missing in his list (Mark 3:16). After listing James and John, Mark adds “to them he gave the name Boanerges, which means Sons of Thunder” (Mark 3:17). The second set of four names in each list includes: Philip and ...
... ) While he was still with them he had told them of these things. This is especially seen in the passion predictions (9:22, 44; 18:31–33), particularly that of 9:22 and 18:33 where he predicted the resurrection on the third day. (2) The disciples should understand the events of Jesus’ passion and resurrection because they are foretold in Scripture (i.e., the OT). This time all three parts of the OT are referred to (not just two parts, as in v. 27 above): the Law of Moses, the Prophets and the Psalms. The ...
... to be accusatory. The argument of verses 17–29 is essentially the same as that of 2:1–3, but what Paul argued on the grounds of moral logic in 2:1–3 he measures by the straightedge of the law in 2:17–29. We will understand Paul’s case here only if we grant his previous conclusion that God judges according to obedience to known good. The privileges which Israel received from God do not exempt it from judgment, but increase its burden of responsibility. Verses 17–20 form the introductory condition ...
... the very words of God” (3:2). Humanly speaking, all avenues of escape from God’s wrath are sealed off. That Paul refers to the list of quotations as law is somewhat interesting, since none of the quotations actually comes from the Law or Pentateuch. He clearly understands law to mean Scripture in its entirety, law as the sum of the Old Testament (so also John 10:34). The commandments (i.e., vv. 10–18) naturally govern those who are under the law (i.e., Jews). As we argued earlier, if the boast of Jews ...
... of the resurrected Lord who gives grace for the present struggle and eternal life in the world to come. Additional Notes For a survey of Rom. 7 in the history of theology, see Michel, Der Brief an die Römer, pp. 175, 181–83. For a pre-Christian understanding, see W. G. Kümmel, Römer 7 und die Bekehrung des Paulus (Munich: Chr. Kaiser, 1974), and Gaugler, Der Römerbrief, vol. 1, pp. 233–46. For a variant view that Rom. 7 is a Christian reflection on the pre-Christian life as it was lived under ...
... of God’s hardening of greater Israel. But Israel’s hardening is neither total nor final. It is not total because God’s grace has preserved a remnant of Israel which has confessed Christ (v. 5); and it is not final because it is Paul’s understanding that all Israel will be saved (11:26). In the following section (11:11–24) Paul will argue that Israel’s unwillingness to enter the promise allowed room for the Gentiles to precede Israel. Israel’s loss is the Gentiles’ gain (11:12), but it will ...
... are we useless. Faith holds fast to the promise that despite ourselves the Holy Spirit can and does use us as instruments of God. 12:4–5 The first consequence of being “transformed by the renewing of your mind” (v. 2) is a new self-understanding. This self-understanding is not achieved in a vacuum of individualism, however. It comes only through the body of Christ. The ancients were much taken with the idea of the one and the many, or the sum and its parts, and Paul finds this a serviceable construct ...