... for the execution of a thief who could not pay and also inflicted heavier fines (30 times and 10 times the value) depending on the social status of the victim. Hebrew law never imposed death for violation against property. The fourth case (v. 4), concerning theft, returns to the subject of stolen animals and established the double restitution standard (vv. 4, 7, 9): “If the stolen animal is found alive in his possession . . . he must pay back double.” In this case, the animal would be restored to its ...
... are not supposed to interfere with the objectivity of taking action to do the right thing: “If you see the donkey of someone who hates you fallen down under its load, do not leave it there; be sure you help him with it.” Beyond the concern for the safety of animals, this legislates that God’s people are to take substantial positive action to lessen the potential animosity of an enemy. Even in the face of hate, impartial judgment and action may bring about better justice (see also Matt. 5:43–45 ...
... to the world. It is difficult to imagine how God would live in the midst of a people who had said to Moses, “Speak to us yourself and we will listen. But do not have God speak to us or we will die” (20:19). God’s concern for the detail in the tabernacle is partly a response to this problem. God’s intention was to be present without overwhelming the people. God sought the intimacy of daily relationship (as in the details of the law) and presence, yet also required differentiation from the people ...
... This “background” may include her familial ties with Mordecai—ties that are unknown to Haman (and the king) until later in the story. Presumably Mordecai wants her “nationality” secret to protect her from the anti-Semitism in the empire. Mordecai reveals his ongoing concern for Esther’s well-being by pacing outside her quarters: Every day he walked back and forth near the courtyard of the harem to find out how Esther was and what was happening to her (v. 11). The secret bond of loyalty between ...
... palace and exiled the king, his mother, wives, and many others including the 7000 troops. From the book that bears his name, we also know that Ezekiel was a part of the exiled group (Ezek. 1:2). There is an interesting and telling contrast with Ezekiel concerning this king, but Jeremiah has a decidedly negative attitude toward him. The book of 2 Kings (25:27–30) also informs us that Jehoiachin lived long into the exile and was released from prison in the year that Evil-Merodach (also known as Amel-Marduk ...
... form of Yahweh, the Hebrew name for the Lord, and ʾēl, which means god. Thus, the name “Joel” signifies “Yahweh is God,” and while many pious parents could have affirmed their faith by giving their son that name, “Joel” may also point to one of the major concerns of the book, namely, apostasy or the worship of false gods. Joel condemns Judah in the strongest terms for its sin, but he never says what that sin is. Yet, in the two climaxes of the book, in 2:27 and 3:17, the statement is, “Then ...
... biblical Israel to teach and maintain their people in the ways of the Torah. But that did not mean simply teaching the people the law. Rather, the priests were responsible for preserving and handing on to the people all of the stories and traditions concerning Israel’s relationship with God throughout its entire history, and those traditions included the commandments that God had given. In short, the priests were responsible for passing on what now makes up much of our OT. Only if Israel knew what God had ...
... toward them, or, if they took no thought of God, that their good life was secure. In 5:18–6:14, the prophet therefore sets about to show how ill-placed is Israel’s confidence in every area of her life. And significantly the section begins with an oracle concerning the day of the Lord, because finally it is the day of the Lord that will bring Israel’s death. 5:18–20 Amos was the first of the writing prophets to preach about the day of the Lord, but he was followed in the practice by Zephaniah, Isaiah ...
... that Micah saw (ḥāzāh) the words of the Lord, and, by emending the text, the NIV has taken that to mean that Micah had a supernatural vision of some sort. The original Hebrew reads simply, “The word of the LORD that came to Micah . . . which he saw concerning Samaria and Jerusalem.” As is evident in Numbers 24:4, 16, ḥāzāh can refer to an auditory revelation as well as a visual one. Thus, there is no reason to emend the text here to emphasize that Micah received the word of the Lord in a vision ...
... 18. 2:1–3 The MT starts a new subsection here and the English chapter division follows; the subsection then introduces the subsequent verses rather than concluding what precedes. The implication is that the nation (goy) is the kind of foreign people with which 2:4–15 concerns itself; goy applies to foreign peoples in verses 5, 9, 11, and 14 (also 3:6, 8). But the NIV’s section heading (at 1:14) links 2:1–3 with what precedes, and both verbal links and links in content suggest this is right. Judah is ...
... have overruled me.” As David’s decision prevailed over Joab’s counsel, so the people’s opinions had overruled God’s commands. They followed their own counsel rather than God’s will. 3:16 The NIV translation, A scroll of remembrance was written before the Lord concerning those who feared the LORD and honored his name, interprets this scroll as a document about the Yahweh-fearers, either a list of names, as in the book of life in Exod. 32:32 and Ps. 69:28, or a record of deeds (Neh. 13:14; Dan ...
... the challenges that the disciples of Jesus faced. There will be no gladiator pits, lions, swords or crosses. But we walk around burdened by many issues of life: unsure about how we’re going to pay the house payment and still save for our child’s education; concerned about the possible loss of our job or whether our children or grandchildren will even be able to find a job; anxious about how we are going to make it without a loved one. Whatever our issue is, life happens and when it does it sometimes ...
... , in vv. 25, 29–30; prayer, in vv. 26–27). 16:26 Ask the Father on your behalf: Here, in distinction from verses 23a and 30, the Greek verb erōtan means to make request or pray. This is because it is followed by the preposition peri (“for” or “concerning”); the same construction is used, e.g., in 17:9: “I pray for them. I am not praying for the world.” 16:31 You believe at last! These words can be taken either as a glad exclamation (as here) or as a skeptical question: “Do you now believe ...
... water” (4:14; 7:38) in no other way than by shedding his blood. The account of Jesus’ burial (vv. 38–42) is a natural continuation of the events associated with the removal of his body from the cross (vv. 31–37). As far as Pilate was concerned, the granting of permission to Joseph of Arimathea to take charge of Jesus’ body was simply an extension of the permission he had already given to the Jews to remove the three bodies from Golgotha (v. 31). Joseph of Arimathea is a new character in the story ...
... hire or wages, but came to denote a mercenary attitude, and in the NT is always used in a bad sense, of party spirit and the contention to which it leads. R. Jewett links the people referred to here with those described in 2:21 as concerned only with their own affairs; he thinks they were missionaries who held up the “divine man” (theios anēr) as an ideal and felt that the humiliating spectacle of Paul in prison gave the lie to this ideal and endangered their mission (“Conflicting Movements in the ...
... to do so in order that he might have an heir. He reiterated his complaint, lamenting that God had not given him “seed,” which NIV renders children (15:3). 15:4–5 The same prophetic formula from verse 1 heads God’s response. God addressed Abram’s concern by saying unequivocally, This man [Eliezer] will not be your heir. Abram’s worries were groundless, since a son was going to come from his own body. To impress on Abram the vastness of the promise, God took him outside his tent and ordered him to ...
... he had become aware of Isaac’s success as a result of Yahweh’s being with him. Abimelech’s awareness motivated him to propose that there be a sworn agreement between them, a treaty or a covenant that would continue with their children. He was concerned that Isaac, who was growing stronger, might someday harm his people either by usurping some of their grazing areas or by an outright display of force. At last Abimelech treated Isaac as an equal. He reminded Isaac that when he had lived in Gerar they ...
... badge of Jewish separateness had no further theological significance in the new, multi-racial, people of God (cf. Gal. 3:26–29; Eph. 2:11–22). The division of the animal kingdom that had mirrored it was accordingly abolished. Yet food remains a matter of theological and ethical concern in the NT. What you ate and who you ate with could be controversial and divisive issues (Gal. 2:11–13; Rom. 14; 1 Cor. 8; 10:14–11:1), as could the question of who gets to eat at all (14:28f.; cf. 1 Cor. 11:21 ...
... victims as far as possible. If we ask whose interests this law serves, the answer is clearly the female captive. If we ask whose power is being restricted, the answer, equally clearly, is the victorious soldier. The law is thus a paradigm case of the OT’s concern to defend the weak against the strong, war being one of the most tragic human expressions of that situation. There are four ways in which this law benefits the captured woman, (a) She is not to be raped or to be enslaved as a concubine, but is ...
... unit—as a single chapter in fact (Hb. ch. 4)—with our English 4:21–5:18 being treated as Hebrew chapter 5. Certainly it makes much better sense to take all of 4:1–20 together. First Kings 4:1 indicates that the following verses will concern the king’s rule over all Israel, and 4:20 provides a fitting climax to this initial description of his reign by telling us what the consequences of his organizing abilities were (Judah and Israel . . . were happy). Verses 21–34 then go on to speak about ...
... it the distinction of being treated like Israel. 17:18–23 This is also the implication of verses 18–23. We are again mainly concerned with the sins and fate of the northern kingdom. As verses 7–17 have offered us a general catalog of sins, so verses 21 ... 24–41 We shall have to wait for an answer to this last question. For the moment the narrative continues with its main concern—the fate of the north. The Israelites have been exiled; however, the land of Israel was not left empty. The king of Assyria ...
... on the end in verses 1–9 suggests a possible parallel with Amos 8:2, where the same Hebrew word (qets, lit. “end”) refers to God’s judgment on the northern kingdom. Another likely parallel is Habakkuk 2:3, where the vision the prophet receives concerning Jerusalem “speaks of the end and will not prove false.” However, the closest parallel for Ezekiel’s language of utter destruction may be the flood story (see Gen. 6:13; Gowan, Ezekiel, p. 41). As in the days of Noah, the corruption of God’s ...
... of it that remains. With Walther Zimmerli (“Israel im Buche Ezechiel,” VT 8 [1958], p. 82), it seems best to see “Judah” as a later addition to this text, likely by the same hand that in 4:6 added Judah’s 40 days/years to the sign concerning Israel’s sin. 10:1–22 Typically, scholars have understood the textual difficulties here to reflect the attempts of the scribes to come to terms with the content of the prophet’s vision, and so to be a sign of multiple layers of expansion and revision (e ...
... 59, 185, 214–15). Perhaps, then, this is a usage characteristic of priestly circles during and after the exile. These leaders have come to Ezekiel, the Lord states, to inquire of me (v. 3). In the Hebrew Bible, to “inquire of the LORD” often means to consult a prophet concerning the divine will (e.g., see 1 Kgs. 22:8//2 Chr. 18:7; 2 Kgs. 3:11; 8:8; 22:13, 18//2 Chr. 34:21, 26). Particularly interesting are Jeremiah 10:21, which condemns the kings of Jerusalem for failing to inquire of the Lord, with ...
... ; 24:17–21; 26:12–13; 27:19). Accordingly, in the book of Jeremiah, care for these forgotten persons is integral to Israel’s covenant obligations (Jer. 7:6; 22:3; see also Zech. 7:10 and Mal. 3:5). Verse 8 here returns to priestly concerns for my holy things (that is, the consecrated objects and offerings of Israel’s temple liturgy) and the Sabbath. Disregard for the Sabbath was one of the primary reasons for the condemnation of the ancestors in Ezekiel’s Unheilsgeschichte (see 20:12–13, 20–21 ...