... holding his spear because it gave him confidence in his own status and reminded those around him that he was to be taken seriously. 22:22 The fact that David had recognized Doeg at the shrine could be seen as evidence that Doeg was a known troublemaker and supports the view of his detention as some kind of punishment.
... to challenge him in Gilboa. It may be that the Philistines were trying to prevent Saul from organizing a takeover of the northern area and thus gaining the strength to defeat them in the south. Saul’s disorientation at this new, and from his point of view catastrophic, turn of events would then be easily explained. The willingness of the Philistine army commanders to take their forces so far out of their own territory is an indication of how confident they were at this time. 29:2–5 As 28:1 has already ...
... more of a natural compassion. Three hundred and eighty Israelites were killed that day, the vast majority of them coming from the tribe of Benjamin, as Judah had the best of the fierce fighting. The most significant incident from the writers’ point of view, however, was the death of a Judean, Joab’s young brother Asahel, who shared Joab’s arrogant confidence. Although he had speed, Asahel had not developed tactical abilities. He decided that he would put an end to the fighting by defeating Abner, and ...
... extension of the Davidic line is said to be more obvious in the parallel passage in 1 Chronicles 17, though in both cases the thought is clearer from a retrospective position. Although the Davidic king became the ideal (e.g., as in Ps. 72), the view here is realistic. Verse 14 in particular shows that David’s descendants were not expected to be ideal. The Davidic dynasty will endure, but it is to be a “dynasty under discipline” (Ackroyd, The Second Book of Samuel, p. 78). The intimate father-son ...
... Kingship: A Precarious Equilibrium”) sees the threat that the sword will never depart from your house (v. 10) as contrasting with the promise “My love shall never be taken away from him” (7:15) and reflecting the constant tension between positive and negative views of David and his monarchy. 12:13 The relationship between justice and mercy in the OT is an interesting one. The importance of the law, and the necessity of obedience to the law, is clear. However, punishments are not always carried out in ...
... God’s control over the affairs of king and people. 15:32 There was apparently a recognized shrine at the top of the Mount of Olives. It was common for such worship centers to be set up at high places, providing panoramic views of surrounding countryside, in this case of the city of Jerusalem. Although such worship centers later became identified with pagan worship and were strongly discouraged, there is no suggestion of that at this point. The people of Hushai the Arkite were originally Canaanites ...
... God’s control over the affairs of king and people. 15:32 There was apparently a recognized shrine at the top of the Mount of Olives. It was common for such worship centers to be set up at high places, providing panoramic views of surrounding countryside, in this case of the city of Jerusalem. Although such worship centers later became identified with pagan worship and were strongly discouraged, there is no suggestion of that at this point. The people of Hushai the Arkite were originally Canaanites ...
... the beginning of each of these chapters appears to mean no more than “the next thing I would like to tell is …” Having brought Jesus from Cana to Jerusalem and back to Cana again, the author now turns to other, more overtly theological concerns. In view of this Gospel’s interest in the Jewish religious festivals (e.g., “Passover” in 2:13; 6:4; 11:55; 12:1; 13:1; “Tabernacles,” or Sukkoth, in 7:2; “Dedication,” or Hanukkah, in 10:22), it is surprising that the festival mentioned in verse ...
... . The principal difference is simply that version 3 makes Jesus the source of the life-giving Spirit, whereas versions 1 and 2—version 1 clearly and version 2 more ambiguously—assign this role (at least derivatively) to the believer. Yet in neither case is the believer viewed as a source of life, or of the Spirit, to others. The image of streams of water from the believer’s heart (if that is intended) is akin rather to 4:14, where Jesus promises to whomever drinks of the water he gives “a spring of ...
... he says, and believing his message means believing in him as God’s messenger. There is no way v. 31 can be made to refer to a less adequate kind of faith than v. 30. In neither verse is it possible to tell from the language that the faith in view is not genuine, even though subsequent events demonstrate that in fact it is not (cf. 2:23–25). 8:31–32 If you hold to my teaching, you are really my disciples. Then you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free. Cf. Jesus’ words in his ...
... . Contrast the terminology of the first discourse in which the Father himself sends the Spirit, though in response to Jesus’ request (14:16, 26). 16:2 Put you out of the synagogues: Cf. 9:22; 12:42, where expulsion from the synagogue was viewed as a possibility even within Jesus’ earthly ministry. Here the experience is placed in a prophetic context, pointing to the experience of Christians in the decades after Jesus’ resurrection. At least for the last decade of the first century, there is Jewish ...
... glory (cf. v. 24), and is surely included in the all of v. 10. But what specific name is meant? A comparison with Phil. 2:9–11 might suggest that the name “Lord” (Gr.: kyrios; the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew Yahweh or Jehovah) is in view, and Thomas’ confession in 20:28 could be understood as bearing out this conclusion. A related, and more likely, suggestion is that the name is “I am” (Gr.: egō eimi; Heb.: ‘anî hû’), the self-designation of God in the OT (especially in Isaiah) that ...
... home.” The presence of the beloved disciple at the cross suggests that he was not dispersed with the others (cf. 18:8–9) but only now makes his departure. Neither their dispersion nor his is seen as a disgrace, and in particular his departure for home is viewed here as an act of obedience to Jesus’ command (cf. also 20:10). 19:29 The wine vinegar (Gr.: oxos) was a sour diluted wine vinegar used as a beverage among the poor. It was thirst-quenching and was offered to Jesus (probably by the soldiers) as ...
... home.” The presence of the beloved disciple at the cross suggests that he was not dispersed with the others (cf. 18:8–9) but only now makes his departure. Neither their dispersion nor his is seen as a disgrace, and in particular his departure for home is viewed here as an act of obedience to Jesus’ command (cf. also 20:10). 19:29 The wine vinegar (Gr.: oxos) was a sour diluted wine vinegar used as a beverage among the poor. It was thirst-quenching and was offered to Jesus (probably by the soldiers) as ...
... of him as one of the Twelve is supplied here to emphasize the point that he normally would have been present for the incident recorded in vv. 19–23 but was not. The Twelve (though now only eleven because of Judas’ departure) are still being viewed as a fixed group representing the whole church (cf. 6:70). Even though Judas has departed, Thomas must be present in order for the revelation to be complete. 20:26 A week later: lit., “after eight days.” A common ancient custom was to count both ...
... (see above on 2 Cor. 8:14). The text also alludes to Hosea 10:12 LXX: “Sow for yourselves in righteousness, … seek the Lord until the fruits of righteousness come to you.” Here, again, the restoration of Israel is in view. Paul evidently interprets the “fruits of righteousness” as the Achaians’ wholehearted participation in the collection for Jerusalem, which contributes toward Israel’s restoration. 9:11 Paul goes on to restate his assertion in verse 8 (cf. the similar redundant use of ...
... This whole passage is tied together by catchwords. Stumble ties the proverb to the rest of the verse. Keep in check is literally “to bridle” and thus links to “bit” in verse 3, which is similar in spelling in Greek. His whole body: the body was viewed as the seat of the passions, the evil impulse. 3:3–4 Because the illustrations do not fit exactly, some have felt there is an allegorical meaning (B. Reicke, James, p. 37) or that James has borrowed from other literature (M. Dibelius, James, pp. 185 ...
... on the main highway from Ur to Canaan. Also, it helps deal with the problem that if Abram came from southern Mesopotamia his journey was in the opposite direction of the Amorite migration at the end of the third millennium B.C. This alternative view has not won wide acceptance. At present the information from that time is too scarce to decide conclusively which site is the most likely home of Abram. 11:31 In Akk. Haran means “route, journey, caravan.” Haran was an important trading center where Amorite ...
... 22:28–31 cultic; 23:1–9 social justice; 23:10–19 cultic (Sprinkle, The Book, pp. 163–165). The alternating pattern demonstrates that the sociality of the people is not separate from their relation to the Lord. 22:24 Scripture never accepts a passive view of justice for the vulnerable who are oppressed. Instead it describes justice as God’s personal passion for those who are denied basic resources and dignity of life. God says “I” or “me” 8 times in 5 verses. When people cry out to God for ...
... mind that God had promised to inflict on their enemies (cf. 2:25)—and later did (Josh. 2:11; 5:1; cf. Exod. 14:10). Unbelief, in spite of evidence (vv. 29–32). One antidote to such fear is a good memory. Moses urges them to be unafraid in view of what they had already seen in their own recent past—God’s victory over the Egyptians (v. 30) and God’s parental care for them in the wilderness (vv. 31, 33). They had experienced Yahweh both as fighter and as father, as savior and as provider—a powerful ...
... way to uphold God’s holiness among them (Num.20:12). So was it Moses’ own fault or was he the victim of the people’s rebellion? Probably we should not try to separate the two perspectives so rigidly. Least helpful of all, in my view, is to try to solve the problem on source critical grounds by suggesting that in the original Deuteronomic account Moses was entirely innocent but suffered with and for the people, and that it is only the priestly writer, under the alleged influence of Ezekiel 18 ...
... of life and the future. They are lumped together as the detestable ways of the nations and headed by the horrific rite of child-sacrifice (cf. 12:31), which was not a divinatory rite, but sets the tone for the way the following practices were to be viewed. It is a universal human desire to know the unknown, to have some preview of the future, to get guidance for decisions, to exercise control over others, to harm others and ward off the harm others may aim at oneself. Alienated from the living God, humans ...
... of life and the future. They are lumped together as the detestable ways of the nations and headed by the horrific rite of child-sacrifice (cf. 12:31), which was not a divinatory rite, but sets the tone for the way the following practices were to be viewed. It is a universal human desire to know the unknown, to have some preview of the future, to get guidance for decisions, to exercise control over others, to harm others and ward off the harm others may aim at oneself. Alienated from the living God, humans ...
... , not a murder victim. Hanging is not the means of execution (which is stoning), but a kind of intensification, perhaps for its deterrent effect. The law does not prescribe that the body of a person put to death under the law should be hung up in open view. But it is a known custom, occasionally recorded in exceptional circumstances in the OT itself (e.g., Num. 25:4; Josh. 8:29; 10:26f.; 2 Sam. 21:5–9). This law limits the exposure to the remaining daylight hours of the day of execution. The explicit ...
... , not a murder victim. Hanging is not the means of execution (which is stoning), but a kind of intensification, perhaps for its deterrent effect. The law does not prescribe that the body of a person put to death under the law should be hung up in open view. But it is a known custom, occasionally recorded in exceptional circumstances in the OT itself (e.g., Num. 25:4; Josh. 8:29; 10:26f.; 2 Sam. 21:5–9). This law limits the exposure to the remaining daylight hours of the day of execution. The explicit ...