... are contained in Romans 13:1–7. First, government is a divine institution. Second, this is the case even for unjust governments, since not to have any form of rule is to breed anarchy and political disaster. Third, Christians are to support their governments by paying taxes and showing respect to their officials. Fourth, if, however, a political regime demands that Christians disobey God, they must respectfully refuse to do so in a nonviolent way and be prepared to suffer the consequences. Teaching ...
... names. A second view takes ‘aza’zel as the proper name. “Azazel” is often taken as a name of a god or demon, perhaps a goat-demon (‘az means “goat” in Hebrew) or some other demon unrelated to goats. This view is supported by the parallel formulation “one lot for the Lord [Yahweh] and the other lot for Azazel” (v. 8 ESV). That parallel formulation suggests that both Yahweh and ‘aza’zel are proper names. A version of this interpretation is found in the intertestamental pseudepigraphical ...
... was more than ritual and symbols. It included God’s revelation. And it should continue to do so today. Teaching the Text Giving things to God is commendable. Numbers 7, in its uniquely redundant way, is an example of giving one’s resources to support the worship of God. Gordon Wenham points out the purpose of Numbers 7: “It seems likely that a theological purpose underlies this wordiness: to emphasize as strongly as possible that every tribe had an equal stake in the worship of God, and that each ...
... , and calls another curse down upon Joab for good measure. 4:2 from the tribe of Benjamin. It is important to the narrator’s defense of David to identify the assassins as Benjamites. Two of Ish-bosheth’s own tribal kinsmen kill him, not David’s supporters. 4:8 Saul, your enemy. The Benjamite assassins cast Saul in the role of David’s “enemy.” Others have done the same, including the narrator (1 Sam. 18:29), David’s men (24:4), Saul (24:19), and Abishai (26:8), but David did not use ...
... behavior. Indeed, the narrator uses the same term (na‘ar) of Eli’s sons: “This sin of the young men was very great in the Lord’s sight” (1 Sam. 2:17). 18:6 to fight Israel. Israel is cast in the role of the enemy, emphasizing the widespread support Absalom has gathered (see 15:6, 13; 16:15; 17:14, 24, 26) and David’s vulnerability. 18:7 the casualties that day were great. The Hebrew text reads, “and there was a great defeat in that day.” There may be a sad echo of Israel’s defeat in ...
... marred and describes an action that repeats an earlier one (see 2 Chron. 15:8; 24:4, 12; Job 10:17; Pss. 51:10; 104:30; Isa. 61:4; Lam. 5:21). In Saul’s case it is necessary to “renew” the kingship because of the less-than-unanimous support he received after the first ceremony at Mizpah (10:27; 11:12).9 Theological Insights In this chapter the Lord once more displays his ability to deliver his people (see esp. v. 13), just as he has done throughout the judges’ period (see 1 Sam. 12:11). Despite Saul ...
... him at the instigation of the adversary. Job learns from his adversity that he cannot depend on the loyalty of his friends. No doubt this has come as a surprise and a deep disappointment to him, for he supposed that in his despair he could count on their support. Even the best of friends can let down those who trust them, but as Lamentations 3:22 teaches, the Lord’s loyalty never ceases. One of the primary lessons of the book of Job is that Yahweh can be trusted, even when his ways cannot be understood ...
... through after the exodus (Jer. 2:6). for you are with me; your rod and your staff, they comfort me. The conjunction and pronoun “for you” begins the sentence to emphasize the Lord’s presence. The rod was used as a weapon, and the staff for support. Here they stand at the beginning of the clause as a casus pendens (a pending case): “as for your rod and staff, they comfort me.” 23:5 You prepare a table . . . You anoint my head with oil. Form critics understand the word “table” to suggest a ...
... 5–6 [NIV: “clear conscience”]; 2 Sam. 15:11; 1 Kings 22:34/2 Chron. 18:33 [NIV: “at random”]) and also a consistency of good character, as well as spiritual fortitude.17The verb “uphold” (tmk; see also Ps. 63:8) suggests that God is supporting the psalmist in his sickness, and even in the opposition his pretentious friends have raised against him. The suppliant is assured of the fulfillment of this longing, to appear before God’s face—that is, to appear in the temple. 41:13 Praise be to ...
... due to poverty, which could result from a factor such as crop failure. Once a farmer sold his land for living expenses or to pay off debt, if he had no relative to redeem the property for him, he would no longer have the means to support himself in his agrarian society and could be constrained to voluntarily sell himself and his family members into servitude so that they could survive (25:25–41). Servitude could seize him involuntarily if he defaulted on a loan, for which he and his dependents were ...
... with a fable about trees searching for a king (9:8–15). There is some debate as to whether the fable is against the idea of monarchy in general or only speaks to the particular situation concerning Abimelek and the Shechemites. Those who support the former interpretation point out that, since the fable suggests that honorable and productive people have no desire to become king, but only the unworthy aspire to it, kingship must therefore be an inherently bad idea. While such a reading is possible, it ...
... commissioning in Deuteronomy 31:2–8 and Joshua 1:1–9. As Joshua fulfilled Moses’s ultimate goal of taking the people into the land, so Solomon will fulfill David’s ultimate goal of building the temple. Solomon, however, is not going to do this alone, but is to be supported by the people according to 22:17–19. In these closing verses of chapter 22, David commissions “all the leaders of Israel,” reminding the reader once again of the importance of the community as a whole to the ...
... , Edom, Moab, Ammon, then Phoenicia (Jer. 25:19–22). Lamentations places Edom and Uz in parallel (Lam. 4:21), and, in the often eponymous nature of the Genesis narrative, one of the sons of Dishan, an Edomite chieftain, is Uz (Gen. 36:28). (2) Other texts support a location northeast of Israel. Genesis 10:23 and 1 Chronicles 1:17 claim Uz as a son of Aram, thus associating Uz with the Arameans. In Genesis 22:21, Uz is the firstborn of Abraham’s brother Nahor and is thus affiliated with Upper Mesopotamia ...
... privilege of spending their resources on behalf of those whom they love. It is just this kind of parental love that Paul has lavished on the church. They can scarcely love him less for it, or for refusing for any reason to burden them with his support. Nor can anyone seriously imagine (as Paul’s sarcasm is meant to show) that he has sought to “exploit” them belatedly by sending Titus and others (including a brother known to both the Corinthians and the apostle) to visit the church on his behalf (12:17 ...
... independent of secular social, economic, and political clout. Even though the church in Ephesus is in a major Hellenistic city, Paul expects it to take its bearings from the Old Testament and from Jewish community life. Paul has just cited the Old Testament in support of the idea that spiritual leaders should be paid. Now he invokes the Old Testament (Deut. 19:15) to protect elders from false accusations. There is no way to be certain about the charges that have been brought. What is important is that Paul ...
... here is not clear. It could represent a local community, but it more likely represents an emerging center of Christian authority (such as Antioch) that sends out traveling ministers and also supports them. Their travels draw support from fellow believers rather than from nonbelievers, and the elder exhorts Gaius to also support other such traveling ministers as co-workers in the truth. 9–10 · Diotrephes the Primacy-Lover: The elder claims to have written something to “the church,” but then he claims ...
... . We have walked through some of life's dark valleys. We have come to the end of our rope and have found, somehow, new strength to carry on against all odds. Perhaps you have struggled against doubt and despair, and you have felt unseen arms support you when you know that once upon a time you would have fainted. The Karre language of equatorial Africa proved to be especially difficult for the translators of the Karre New Testament, especially when it came to the word parakletos. How could they describe the ...
... the best AA groups in the area. It meets here on Monday nights. The church could learn a lot from that group. In fact, they do a better job at being the church than the church does. We have other support groups that can surround and support you. You are not alone! You will find in these 12 step groups and support groups people who have been through the same things you are going through. We also have counselors to help you. Call us and we will help. Do it now! A Success Story I would like to share with you a ...
... 16:8–11 in the NIV; cf. Acts 2:25–28) are likely connections that would have been made. Indeed, the rhetoric of Paul and other NT authors concerning the scriptural bases of comprehending Christ, his death and resurrection, is often sufficiently general to support the suggestion of some commentators that Paul and other early Christians thought of Christ as the fulfillment or key to understanding all of the OT in and for the life of the church. Paul’s recollection of tradition moves in verse 5 into the ...
... of the tribes. The divine presence at the center of the camp reflects the emphasis of the Priestly tradents. 2:3–16 The rest of chapter 2 recalls earlier Pentateuchal texts referring to the various tribes. The special place of the Levites may relate to their support of Moses in the incident of the golden calf (Exod. 32:25–29). Yet the Levites do not come out well in Jacob’s final testament in Genesis 49, presumably in reference to their violence in the story of Shechem and Dinah in Genesis 34; they ...
... to go to the soldiers and half to the community. Of the soldiers’ half, one of every five hundred persons or animals is to go to the priests. One fiftieth of the community’s share is to go to the Levites. So the clergy is supported, but so is the broader community. Moses and Eleazar carry out these instructions and verses 32–35 list the inventory: 675,000 sheep, 72,000 cattle, 61,000 donkeys and 32,000 women. The carefully described distribution of these resources prefigures the distribution of land ...
... that a mixed group of other discontents quickly joined David. Some of these men were perhaps criminals, and it may be that most of them had also fallen afoul of Saul’s intemperate nature, but they formed into a disciplined force. David, perhaps winning the support of the king of Moab by presenting himself as an opponent of the Israelite king, was able to leave his parents in safe custody. He remained for a while at a fortified base until a prophetic instruction sent him into Judean territory. 22:6–10 ...
... scheme that we might term a succession myth: 1) God’s demands impinge on the movement from one generation to the next. 2) The father attempts to kill the son. 3) The son is obedient. 4) The son does not die. 5) The son becomes the divinely supported heir. This is a myth that functions at levels of deep societal insecurity both biological and political” (p. 37). Using the term myth in this way may be questionable, and how Jonathan fits into this picture is not clear, but it is possible that the writers ...
... Saul, then his chances of quickly gaining the loyalty of the whole nation would be immensely strengthened. He was conscious of their loyalty to Saul and praised them for it. But he makes the point that Saul . . . is dead and thus implies that to support David would not express disloyalty to Saul. David’s arguments are subtle. First he associates his own blessing with the blessing that God gives (v. 6), implying that God’s blessing can be manifested through David and that David is God’s choice. Second ...
... He insisted on the return of his wife Michal. Nothing in the text indicates that David still had feelings for Michal, and it is hard to see this as anything other than a political move. Her return as part of the royal entourage would give the supporters of Saul’s family a focus for allegiance to the new regime without betraying their original loyalties. David was aware of the benefit of such moves and maybe felt that personal wishes had to be subordinated to the national good. Ish-Bosheth, as head of Saul ...