... in Peter’s name may reflect the fact that such an agreement would be framed both in Aramaic, the common language in Judea, and in Greek. In quoting the Greek for his readers, Paul utilizes the Greek translation for Cephas, which is Peter. If this view is correct, it may be significant that the “quotation” uses the term “apostle” (2:8) in referring to Peter’s status, but the term is not repeated in reference to Paul. There is debate as to whether the parallel construction in the Greek implies the ...
... (7:18–19; 9:13–14). The fact that they were never intended to do either (10:4; the blood of bulls and goats cannot take away sins) is immaterial because the author is dealing with these institutions under his readers’ view of them. The statements frequently encountered in commentaries to the effect that the author is contrasting the provisional and ineffectual religious forms of the Old Testament with the fulfillment enjoyed by believers of the new era utterly overturn the historical-theological ...
... . 10:10 The disciples asked Jesus about this: As elsewhere in Mark, here the disciples approach Jesus privately for explanation of his public pronouncements. Cf., e.g., 4:10–12, 33–34; 7:17–23; 9:28–29. 10:11 Anyone who divorces his wife: The situation in view here is a man divorcing his wife in order to be free to marry another, or a wife (v. 12) doing the same to her husband. As indicated in the discussion above, the case of Herod and Herodias, who shed their spouses to marry each other, is the ...
... beyond the time that had elapsed since their marriage would have been obvious to all in Nazareth and possibly, if not probably, would have led to harsh criticisms and insults. (That such may have been the case in the years following his birth may be in view in the critical remarks found in John 8:41.) Whether Mary was married or still engaged, it is not difficult to understand why she, despite being near to giving birth, would have preferred to accompany Joseph. 2:7 She wrapped him in cloths: Compare Wisd ...
... later in the ascension accounts themselves (Luke 24:51; Acts 1:9, 11). Jesus resolutely set out: Lit. “he set his face.” The expression to “set one’s face” may be an idiom of dispatch, against which the Lord’s commands to Ezekiel should probably be viewed (see Ezek. 6:2; 13:17; 15:7; 21:2; 25:2) and against which Luke may also be understood (see William H. Brownlee, “Ezekiel,” ISBE [1982], vol. 2, pp. 254–55; Craig A. Evans, “ ‘He Set His Face’: Luke 9:51 Once Again,” Biblica 68 ...
... . 44:30, and to Israel as a planting of God in Isa. 5:1ff., Jer. 11:17, and Lev. 19:23–24(?). See Str-B, vol. 3, p. 291. Whether Paul was indebted to either set of images is a matter of question. 11:17–24 For Barth’s view of Christ as the root, see Church Dogmatics (II/2), trans. and ed. G. Bromiley and T. Torrance (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1967), p. 286. For an understanding of salvation history extending from Abraham to Christ, see C. Maurer, “rhiza,” TDNT, vol. 6, p. 988–89, and Dunn, Romans ...
... determine how Paul knows about this problem; nevertheless, he discusses the matter in some detail. Although interpreters regularly refer to these verses as an excursus, the discussion is not simply a digression from the main lines of thought. 6:1 Paul views Christians taking one another into pagan courts as an example of the degree of the Corinthians’ lack of understanding—or better, love—as will become clear later in the letter (ch. 13). He launches his critique of the Corinthians’ misbehavior with ...
... tradition.” In other words, the Christian does enjoy a freedom from mere social conventions and mere religious regulations. Freedom is found in relationship to God, and action is to be determined in the context of divine-human relations. To put Paul’s point of view into paraphrase, “If you aren’t worried about offending God, don’t worry about other things.” 10:26 Paul cites Scripture—specifically the LXX text of Psalm 24:1—to verify his advice: The earth is the Lord’s, and everything in it ...
... themselves in normal ways” (Conzelmann, 1 Corinthians, p. 191). Additional Notes On the general topic of the authenticity of these verses in Paul’s original letter to Corinth, see the debate between W. O. Walker Jr. (“1 Corinthians 11:2–16 and Paul’s Views Regarding Women,” JBL 94 [1975], pp. 94–110), who argues that 11:2–16 is an interpolation into Paul’s correspondence, and J. Murphy-O’Connor (“The Non-Pauline Character of 1 Corinthians 11:2–16” JBL 95 [1976], pp. 615–21), who ...
... Lamb” together as two hymns with a theocentric focus of praise. In sharp contrast to the vision of the seven bowl-plagues that follows, John describes the celebration of those who had been victorious over the beast and his image (cf. 13:8). In our view, even though John does seem to have a special interest in the status of those believers who are killed for refusing to worship the beast (cf. 13:15), this community includes all who belong to the Lamb (cf. 14:4). Membership in the eschatological community ...
... the city or its citizens; rather, they lament the loss of their own markets and profits! 18:14 Charles places verse 14 after verse 21 because it seems to him to break the natural flow of the passage (Revelation, vol. 2, pp. 107–8). In our view, it does no better to re-locate it where Charles does; to do so not only orphans the verse, but obscures its rhetorical function within the final form of Revelation 18. 18:20 Those commentators who excuse the difficulty of this verse by simply citing the justice ...
... :12–16, Eliphaz again seeks to persuade Job to put aside his angry quest and to accede to the consolations this view offers. The gist of Eliphaz’s argument is that humans are incapable of being completely pure (Heb. zkk, see the related ... keep silent; I will speak out in the anguish of my spirit [betsar rukhi], I will complain in the bitterness of my soul.” In this view it is the wicked who “turns aside in the wind/rage of his own mouth.” 15:31 Clines, Job 1–20, p. 344, rejects the “commercial ...
... problem was so much a part of Israel throughout their tumultuous history that the abolition of this futility became part of their vision of a “new heavens and a new earth” (Isa. 65:17, 22–23). This psalm obviously reflects the man’s point of view: your wife and your “children” (NIV sons, Hb. bānîm, the same term translated children’s children in v. 6) will be healthy and fruitful, like “the fruit of your labor” (though a different Hb. word is used here for “fruit”). Implicit in the ...
... violate the covenant (Gen. 9:4; Lev. 17:10–13; Deut. 12:23–24). Isaiah 59:3 and 63:3 associate blood with defilement, using words from the same root as the word “defile” in Daniel 1:8. These and several other passages suggest that ritual impurity is in view (Mal. 1:7; Ezra 2:62; Neh. 7:64). But the problem with these suggestions is the wine. Why would they refuse wine, since wine is neither unclean, nor does it have blood in it? Some have wondered whether the problem for Daniel was that the meat and ...
... last three of which were contenders who were pushed aside so that the eleventh could reign. In other words, the text is saying that the little horn will come after the ten kings (7:24) and will uproot three of them (7:8). Most scholars follow this view, but they debate which kings to include in the list of ten. There is an extant king list from the Hellenistic era (ANET, pp. 566–67) that contains the following names (regnal years from Hartman and Di Lella, Daniel, p. 214): Alexander the Great, 336–323 ...
... sets itself up to be as great as the Prince of the host (8:11). Who is this figure, “the Prince of the host”? Because Michael the archangel is called “prince” (10:21) in the book of Daniel, some would say that he is in view here. However, he is only “one of the chief princes” (10:13), not “the Prince of the host,” which suggests a more exalted person. Because priests are sometimes called “prince” (1 Chron. 24:5 [NIV “officials”]; Ezra 8:24 [NIV “leading”]), the high priest Onias ...
... the Pharisee (see v. 11), stood toward the back of the “Court of Israel” (Fitzmyer, p. 1188: “just within the confines”). Remember also that the ten lepers “stood at a distance” because of their uncleanness (Luke 17:12). The tax collector in Jesus’ parable apparently viewed himself as unclean and unworthy. He would not even look up to heaven: The tax collector’s sense of sin is so great that he would not, as was customary, look toward heaven while he prayed. Tiede (p. 308) cites 1 Enoch 13:5 ...
... the one who first commissions John. While John recognizes the “son of man” who commissions him to write Revelation in 1:19 as the exalted Christ, he first hears a loud voice like a trumpet which, according to 4:1, belongs to an angel. In our view, the angel does not commission John; rather, its voice provides a trumpetlike fanfare for John’s subsequent commission from Christ to write on a scroll what you see and send it to the seven churches. 1:12 The distinctive voice prompts John to turn around in ...
... Rome or of Jezebel are distinctly heard as belonging to the Evil One. 13:12–15 The second beast’s role in the anti-Christian kingdom of the Evil One, then, is analogous to the role of the Holy Spirit under God’s rule. The dualism of John’s view of reality is made all the more clear by his parody of the Holy Trinity: not only are there two kingdoms but two trinities—one for good and the other for evil. But there is another sense in which the authority of the second beast is similar in significance ...
... of a contrary-to-fact condition, If you loved me, you would be glad that I am going to the Father (v. 28), especially in view of the fact that he has just defined the world as those who do not love Jesus (v. 24). Until the disciples have overcome their ... . 14:30 He has no hold on me: lit., “in me he has nothing.” It may be that even though the devil is ultimately in view here, Jesus has in mind first of all the devil’s embodiment in Judas, who because of 13:21–30 now “has nothing” in Jesus (cf ...
... via Macedonia. Here again we notice that, in describing his travels, Paul thinks in terms of Roman provinces like Achaia (1:1; 9:2; 11:10), Asia (1:8), and Macedonia (1:16; 2:13; 7:5; 8:1; 11:9). He obviously has at least a mental map in view. If Paul was willing to relinquish a golden opportunity to preach the gospel in Troas, an opportunity that the Lord himself had opened for Paul (v. 12), that shows how much the church at Corinth meant to him, and how concerned he was over the outcome of the situation ...
... faith from law observance (see comments on 3:6). He writes: the law is not based on faith. Paul’s critique of Judaism is that the life it may provide is only life under law—the one who practices law can do nothing but live by law. Paul’s view is that since the coming of Christ such a way of life is seriously flawed. Now the law has been separated from faith, and it is with faith, not the law, that righteousness comes. 3:13 Paul believes that the change in the relationship between law and faith within ...
... to the means of testing in this passage, although in 1 Pet. 1:7 it refers to the result of the test, i.e., genuineness. The means, however unpleasant they may be, produce a good result. They are not simply negative, destroying ungenuine faith, but positive, if viewed in the right light. The term perseverance, Greek hypomonē, is virtually a technical term in the New Testament. Paul uses the term sixteen times (2 Cor. 6:4; 12:12; 1 Thess. 1:3), and Revelation finds it most important (1:9; 2:2; 13:10; 14 ...
... Jesus who is most often connected with Elijah in the Gospels; it is John the Baptist. Here it is Elijah’s preparatory role that is in view (1 Kgs. 19:15–18, picked up in Mal. 4:1–6). He prepares the way for God’s final victory over the powers of ... –49; Mark 6:14–16; 8:27–30; 15:33–36; Luke 9:7–9, 18–20). It is, of course, natural that such a view should have arisen, given the ambiguities of Elijah’s fate in 2 Kings 2:1–18 and the apparent similarity between his experience and that ...
... Jesus who is most often connected with Elijah in the Gospels; it is John the Baptist. Here it is Elijah’s preparatory role that is in view (1 Kgs. 19:15–18, picked up in Mal. 4:1–6). He prepares the way for God’s final victory over the powers of ... –49; Mark 6:14–16; 8:27–30; 15:33–36; Luke 9:7–9, 18–20). It is, of course, natural that such a view should have arisen, given the ambiguities of Elijah’s fate in 2 Kings 2:1–18 and the apparent similarity between his experience and that ...