... Corinth than in Macedonia and Ephesus (Rackham, p. 322). There may be something in this, but the reason lies more in Luke’s method and purpose in writing. He is not concerned to give a detailed account of the work in every place, but only a broad view of how the Christian mission developed. This he does by means of exemplars, and having already shown how Paul preached and worked wherever he went, he has no need to repeat himself here. Thus eighteen months of work in Corinth are summed up in one verse (v ...
... :21; 20:22). This was probably similar to the incident a few days later in Caesarea, in which the Spirit made it known that Paul’s future was fraught with danger. Others saw this as a reason for urging him to turn back, whereas Paul himself seems to have viewed the warning as God’s way of preparing him for what lay ahead. 21:5–6 When the ship was ready to sail (the definite article indicates that it was the same ship as before), the entire church accompanied Paul and the others to the beach (see disc ...
... of their journey. If that stage was accomplished in one night (see disc. on v. 32), a distance of nearly forty miles, this possible interpretation becomes probable. But even if the word does mean “spearmen,” an escort of 470 men may not have been unreasonable in view of the troubled times and the fanaticism of the Jewish nationalists. And of course the commander had no idea of the extent of the plot. The boy had spoken of “more than forty men” (v. 21), but how many more he did not know. In any case ...
... he could hardly have exercised this influence on behalf of his brother later than his own dismissal. Felix’s recall, therefore, is dated by some to the early weeks of Nero’s reign, while Pallas was still able to help him. Eusebius appears to support this view by having Felix’s successor, Festus, take office in the second year of Nero’s reign (A.D. 56). But Eusebius is clearly confused in his dates. The one certain reference he appears to have had from his sources is that Festus arrived in Judea in ...
... note on 24:1) he paid a courtesy visit to the Jewish capital. It was always important for the procurator to establish some sort of working arrangement with the high priest and the Sanhedrin as soon as possible. This was especially so at this time in view of the recent unpleasantness between the Jews and the procurator Felix. The high priest with whom Festus would have had to work may no longer have been Ananias (see disc. on 23:2), but Ishmael ben Phiabi, who held office until A.D. 61. However, the change ...
... 20.145–147; War 2.425–429; Juvenal, Satires 6.156ff.; Tacitus, History 2.81; Suetonius, Titus 7). 25:14–16 The royal couple had been with Festus several days when he broached the matter of Paul with Agrippa. Naturally, he recounted the story from his own point of view. The case had come to his attention when the chief priests and elders of the Jews had asked him to condemn Paul. He had refused to do so. This is told in greater detail than in verse 4 and with all the hauteur of the Roman. He had ...
... Christ? Did the apostolic party leave behind a Christian community? The record is silent; but we may surely believe that here was an evangelistic opportunity too good to be missed” (Martin, pp. 136f.). Additional Notes 28:1 The island was called Malta: The view is sometimes expressed that they had come, not to Malta (Sicula Melita), but to Melita Illyrica (Mljet) in the Adriatic Gulf (see A. Acworth, “Where was St. Paul Shipwrecked?” JTS 24 [1973], pp. 190–93; but see also C. J. Hemer, “Euraquilo ...
... 11], but rather in your own hearts.” The Corinthians seem to question whether Paul really loves them (cf. 11:11). The apostle reassures them that he does. From his perspective, any restraint upon the relationship has been caused by the Corinthians. 6:13 In view of this situation of disproportionate love, Paul exhorts the Corinthians to respond reciprocally to his affection as his own children. He has spiritually fathered them (cf. 1 Cor. 4:15) and thus has fatherly affection for them (cf. 1 Cor. 4:14). As ...
... and live more completely in light of the new covenant situation. This will necessarily include disassociation from the intruders (cf. 5:11–12; 6:14–7:1). 12:20 Paul further explains (For, gar) his apostolic ministry with respect to the Corinthians, particularly in view of his imminent third visit (when I come, cf. 12:14). While the fundamental purpose of Paul’s apostolic ministry is “building up” (v. 19), there can be another side to it. If, when he comes to Corinth, the Corinthians are not as he ...
... to Jerusalem to see those who were apostles before he was. Paul reiterates (v. 12) that the gospel he preached to the Galatians was not influenced by human teaching. He now wants to make it particularly clear that it was not even influenced by the views of the Jerusalem believers. Perhaps one of the criticisms of Paul made by the troublemakers in Galatia was that at one point he had accepted the teaching of the Jerusalem church but now, in “trying to please men” (v. 10), he has softened his gospel for ...
... should not be too quick to understand it as equivalent to “works of law,” particularly since the works listed are largely prohibited by the law. Paul’s later understanding that the law provided an opportunity for sin (Rom. 7:7–25) is not in view here. 5:21 The word live is a rendering of a Greek present participle (prassontes) that means “those who are given to practice.” The warning is directed at those who consciously and repeatedly indulge in these vices. Unlike the gospel writers, Paul does ...
... of goodness, righteousness and truth—quite the opposite of the fruit of darkness in 5:3, 5. By insisting on the moral implications of light, the author would be opposing any false theories, such as those in the Gnostic system, that made enlightenment a mystical experience and viewed the ethical life with indifference and even disdain. To be light is to walk in the light (John 3:19, 20; 1 John 1:5–7; 2:8–11). The fruit of light is similar to the fruit of the Spirit mentioned in Galatians 5:22, although ...
... the last phrase of verse 22, which the thoughts of verse 23 amplify somewhat. Paul wants them to understand that, in spite of their position, they are serving Christ and not men. As a result of their relationship to Christ, they have been freed from viewing work as an obligation and performing it methodically and unenthusiastically for human approval. Thus Paul states that they are to work heartily, as though they were working for the Lord, not for men. 3:24 Third, they have a new reward. Once again, Paul ...
... context of Phil. 3:20 (the usage in Eph. 5:23 does not seem to be an appellation). But the subject of the verb save, or the verbal idea in the noun salvation, is never Christ, only God (1 Cor. 1:21; 1 Thess. 5:9). In Paul’s view of things, “we shall be saved [by God] through him [Christ]” (Rom. 5:9). Thus it should not be surprising that eventually he should come to call both God and Christ our Savior, especially since the former has already happened in Hellenistic Judaism. It is often argued that ...
... —and particularly awkward (see note)—in form, but the NIV captures the sense. We brought nothing material into the world at birth; and we can take nothing out of it at death. This sentiment can also be found among the Stoics, but it is precisely the point of view of Job 1:21: “Naked I came from my mother’s womb, and naked shall I return” (RSV; cf. Eccles. 5:15; Philo, On the Special Laws 1.294–95, where he expresses himself in terms very close to Paul’s and then supports it by alluding to ...
... over and again that these, too, are the last days. 3:5 With this final description, Paul brings the eschatological motif of the increase of evil in the last days to focus on the false teachers. Their great problem, from Paul’s point of view, is that they have a form of godliness (eusebeia; see disc. on 1 Tim. 2:2), but deny its power. They liked the visible expressions, the ascetic practices and the endless discussions of religious trivia, thinking themselves to be obviously righteous because they were ...
... tragedy. Here is a person who has wronged his master, who may have taken something that did not rightfully belong to him, and who capped that wrong by running away as a fugitive to be hunted down. This is how the situation is viewed on the human and earthly level. Paul, however, sees it differently, for he perceives it from the viewpoint of eternity—in other words, from God’s providential arrangement of events. Onesimus’ action was deliberate; but his departure did not remove him from the sovereignty ...
... for whom Moses and the law are of central importance—the argument is astonishingly bold, and the conclusions to which it eventually leads in chapter 8 are not easy ones, even for Christian Jews. Again the specific background of the readers is in view and especially the strong temptation that they were apparently experiencing to return to the faith of their fathers. 3:1 The author appeals to his readers, placing himself together with them, in the words holy brothers, a common designation for the community ...
... is that the Christian hope consists of nothing other than what God promised to Abraham (cf. Rom. 15:8) and therefore that our realization of that hope is finally as certain as God’s word and his oath. The unity between old and new is in view. We … have fled to take hold of the hope offered to us refers metaphorically to the security believers have in Christ in contrast to the insecurity and uncertainty of the world. 6:19–20 Because of the nature of the Christian hope as confident expectation, hope ...
... in the epistle. The idea of cleansed refers to the removal of sins from the conscience (expressed by NIV in the words no longer have felt guilty). For similar statements about the perfecting or cleansing of the conscience, see 9:9, 14. What is in view here, in contrast to the external cleansing of the old covenant, is the new, inner level of cleansing made possible by the era of fulfillment brought by Christ. Where that occurs no further need for the offering of sacrifices exists (cf. 10:17–18). Indeed ...
... This whole passage is tied together by catchwords. Stumble ties the proverb to the rest of the verse. Keep in check is literally “to bridle” and thus links to “bit” in verse 3, which is similar in spelling in Greek. His whole body: the body was viewed as the seat of the passions, the evil impulse. 3:3–4 Because the illustrations do not fit exactly, some have felt there is an allegorical meaning (B. Reicke, James, p. 37) or that James has borrowed from other literature (M. Dibelius, James, pp. 185 ...
... suffering solely in their own strength, which might well prove inadequate. In the same confidence that Jesus had, they are to hand over their whole situation to God, for God, as all-knowing and all-seeing, judges justly. He alone can be relied upon to view all the evidence and to understand all the motives which lie behind every human action—and in the final analysis to dispense perfect justice (Gen. 18:25). But it is noteworthy that Peter uses the present tense: God, he says, judges justly. At all times ...
... : 1 Cor. 9:5), but means church (a feminine noun in Greek), as in 2 John 1, 13. Babylon is a coded reference to Rome in the book of Revelation (Rev. 14:8, and five other verses), where other aspects of the OT city on the Euphrates are in view—its pride and godlessness—a character now taken on by Rome in the eyes of both Jews and Christians by the late first century. Chosen together echoes the description of Peter’s readers, as indeed of all Christians, as “chosen” (1:2; 2:9), i.e., by God. Mark ...
... ) were symbols of chaos and objects of great fear in the ancient Near East. 15:19–21 The narrative resumes by repeating the notice that the Lord defeated Pharaoh’s chariots and horsemen as at the end of Exodus 14 (vv. 28–29). Then Miriam comes into view, with the women, singing with a tambourine in her hand. Miriam, the young girl who watched over the baby Moses (2:4, 7–8), is now called the prophetess (see also Num. 12:2). She is one of four who have this distinction in Scripture, joined by Deborah ...
... reap the benefits in relation to the Lord (16:4; 15:25b–26). They only made this mistake the first time. Each day they gathered the manna again, and learned to trust the Lord daily for their bread. The success of the training must be kept in view, since it brought them to the mountain of the Lord. 16:21–30 “Sabbath” or “rest” occur six times within eight verses (23–30; in vv. 23 [twice], 25, 26, 29, 30). The third part of the manna training commenced with the first Sabbath rest command, which ...